Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during G1 of interphase?

A

Cellular contents excluding chromosomes are duplicted. mRNA and proteins needed for chromosome duplication are synthesised.

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2
Q

What happens during G2 of interphase?

A

Organelles divide and energy is stored for mitosis.

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3
Q

What happens at G0?

A

Cell cycle arrest: terminally differentiated

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4
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

ribose has a hydroxyl group below the plane of ring on carbon 2, whereas this is just a hydrogen atom on deoxyribose.

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5
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are there between

a) A-T or A-U?
b) C-G?

A

a) 2

b) 3

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6
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?
How many rings do each have?

A

Purines: 2 ring, A, T, U
Pyrimidines: 1 ring, C, G

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7
Q

What is a phosphorylated nucleotide and where does it store energy?

A

e.g. ATP, ADP
have an extra phosphate group
In ATP, energy is stored in the extra phosphate bond

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8
Q

What are the two bond types in a polynucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester on the sugar-phosphate backbone between the phosphate and hydroxyl groups of adjacent nucleotides.
Hydrogen between purine and pyrimidine bases holding the antiparallel strands together.

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9
Q

What are the steps involved in a precipitation reaction for purifying DNA?

A

1- grind up tissue to break up cells
2- add detergent to break down cell membranes
3- add salt to break hydrogen bonds between bases
4- add protease to break down histones associated with DNA
5- add ethanol to precipitate DNA- should see white strands

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10
Q

What are primers?

A

small pieces of RNA that bind to the DNA strand and serve as a starting pint for RNA polymerase to bind to. One on leading strand, many on lagging strand due to antiparallel nature of DNA and the enzyme only synthesizing 5’ to 3’.

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11
Q

How many common start and stop codons are there?

A

1 start codon AUG, 3 stop codons

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12
Q

How are Okazaki fragments joined together once synthesised?

A

By DNA ligase

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13
Q

How does DNA helicase unwind and unzip DNA?

A

By breaking h bonds between bases

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14
Q

What happens during prophase of mitosis?

A

chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope disintegrates
centrioles form

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15
Q

Which stage of meiosis includes crossing over? Describe this.

A

Prophase I

Chiasmata occur between homologous chromosome pairs in bivalents.

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16
Q

Name the 5 main processes that cause genetic diversity.

A

Crossing over during prophase I
Independent assortment (/random segregation) during metaphase I
Independent assortment during metaphase II
Random mating
Random fertilisation of gametes