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BIO200 > Nucleotides and Amino Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides and Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma and who came up with it

A

DNA to RNA to protein, Francis Crick

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2
Q

What is transcription

A

the transfer of information from DNA into an RNA (DNA used as a template)

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3
Q

What is translation

A

RNA is read by transfer RNAs, ribosomes, etc. into an amino acid sequences

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4
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for turning RNA back into DNA

A

reverse transcriptase

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5
Q

What is DNA

A
  • a nucleic acid
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • 100s of millions nucleotides long
  • organized into chromosomes
  • major hereditary material
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6
Q

What is RNA

A
  • a nucleic acid
  • ribonucleic acid
  • shorter than DNA: less than 100 to 1000s nucleotides long
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7
Q

Who discovered nucleic acids and how

A

Friedrich Miescher
isolated compound from nuclei of white blood cells from the pus collected from discarded surgical bandages (which was acidic)

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8
Q

What are the components of nucleotids

A
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
  • phosphate group
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9
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

nucleotide without a phosphate group

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10
Q

Name the purines

A

adenine, guanine

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11
Q

Name the pyrimidines

A

thymine, cytosine, urasil

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12
Q

Are purines or pyrimidines larger

A

purines, 2 rings

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13
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

A

deoxyribose lacks an oxygen (lacks a hydroxyl group)

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14
Q

What makes nucleotides acidic

A

phosphate group

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15
Q

What role to nitrogenous bases have in nucleotides

A

define structural and functional properties, relevant to info storage and tertiary structure

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16
Q

What carbon is the phosphate group attached to on the nucleotide

A

5th Carbon

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17
Q

What carbon is the nitrogenous base attached to on the nucleotide

A

1st carbon

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18
Q

Name the nucleosides of A G C U in RNA

A

adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine

19
Q

Name the nucleosides of A G C T in DNA

A

deoxy..adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine

20
Q

Name the nucleotides of A G C U in RNA

A

adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, uridate

21
Q

Name the nucleotides of A G C T in DNA

A

deoxy… adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, thymidylate

22
Q

Name the nucleoside monophosphates of A G C U

A

AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP

23
Q

Name the nucleoside diphosphates of A G C U

A

ADP, GDP, CDP, UDP

24
Q

Name the nucleoside triphosphates of A G C U

A

ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP

25
Q

Name the deoxynucleoside mono, di, tri, phosphates of A G C T

A

dAMP,etc
dGMP,etc
dCMP,etc
dTMP,etc

26
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

27
Q

What bonds hold nucleotides together

A

phosphodiester bonds

28
Q

What are the 6 main functions of proteins

A
  1. catalysis- catalyze cellular rxns
  2. structure- structural rigidity (filaments, microtubules, cytoskeleton,etc)
  3. transport- flow of materials across membrane
  4. regulatory-sensors/switches to control protein activity + gene function *transcription factors
  5. signalling- transmit external signals to cell interior
  6. motor- motion: kinesins, dyneins
29
Q

Are all enzymes proteins

A

in general yes, except for ribozymes

30
Q

What is crucial to protein function

A

SHAPE

  • structure
  • allows them to recognize eachother
31
Q

What are the monomers of polypeptide chains

A

amino acids

32
Q

What holds together polypeptides

A

peptide bonds

33
Q

What are the components of an amino acid

A
  • carboxyl group
  • amino group
  • alpha carbon
  • hydrogen atom
  • R group
34
Q

What determines the properties of an amino acid

A

R group

35
Q

What are the 2 chiral forms (isomers) of amino acids

A

D (bacteria)

L (living cells)

36
Q

What are the characteristics and 3 types of hydrophobic amino acids

A

water loving, POLAR

  1. basic (+)
  2. acidic (-)
  3. polar (uncharged)
37
Q

List the basic amino acids

A

lysine, arginine, histidine

38
Q

List the acidic amino acids

A

asparagate, glutamate

39
Q

List the uncharged polar amino acids

A

serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine

40
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrophobic amino acids

A

non-polar, don’t like H2O

41
Q

List the hydrophobic amino acids

A

alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylaline, tryptophan, tyrosine

42
Q

What are the 3 special amino acids and what is special about them

A
  1. cysteine: sulfhydryl groups, forms strong disulfide bonds with itself. stabilizes folded structure, inter/intra cross linking
  2. glycine: symmetrical, not chiral (no D or L isomers)
  3. proline: rigid ring structure, creates kinks
43
Q

What are the 2 most common side chain modifications and what are they responsible for

A
  1. phosphorylation (serine, tyrosine, threonine):cell signalling
    2.acetylation (lysine): histones- changes structure of chromatin
    microtubules- stabilizes them

BIO200 (1 decks)

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