Nucleotides and Amino Acids

Question 1

What is the central dogma and who came up with it

Answer 1

DNA to RNA to protein, Francis Crick

Question 2

What is transcription

Answer 2

the transfer of information from DNA into an RNA (DNA used as a template)

Question 3

What is translation

Answer 3

RNA is read by transfer RNAs, ribosomes, etc. into an amino acid sequences

Question 4

Which enzyme is responsible for turning RNA back into DNA

Answer 4

reverse transcriptase

Question 5

What is DNA

Answer 5

• a nucleic acid
• deoxyribonucleic acid
• 100s of millions nucleotides long
• organized into chromosomes
• major hereditary material

Question 6

What is RNA

Answer 6

• a nucleic acid
• ribonucleic acid
• shorter than DNA: less than 100 to 1000s nucleotides long

Question 7

Who discovered nucleic acids and how

Answer 7

Friedrich Miescher
isolated compound from nuclei of white blood cells from the pus collected from discarded surgical bandages (which was acidic)

Question 8

What are the components of nucleotids

Answer 8

• pentose sugar
• nitrogenous base
• phosphate group

Question 9

What is a nucleoside

Answer 9

nucleotide without a phosphate group

Question 10

Name the purines

Answer 10

adenine, guanine

Question 11

Name the pyrimidines

Answer 11

thymine, cytosine, urasil

Question 12

Are purines or pyrimidines larger

Answer 12

purines, 2 rings

Question 13

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose

Answer 13

deoxyribose lacks an oxygen (lacks a hydroxyl group)

Question 14

What makes nucleotides acidic

Answer 14

phosphate group

Question 15

What role to nitrogenous bases have in nucleotides

Answer 15

define structural and functional properties, relevant to info storage and tertiary structure

Question 16

What carbon is the phosphate group attached to on the nucleotide

Answer 16

5th Carbon

Question 17

What carbon is the nitrogenous base attached to on the nucleotide

Answer 17

1st carbon

Question 18

Name the nucleosides of A G C U in RNA

Answer 18

adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine

Question 19

Name the nucleosides of A G C T in DNA

Answer 19

deoxy..adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine

Question 20

Name the nucleotides of A G C U in RNA

Answer 20

adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, uridate

Question 21

Name the nucleotides of A G C T in DNA

Answer 21

deoxy… adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, thymidylate

Question 22

Name the nucleoside monophosphates of A G C U

Answer 22

AMP, GMP, CMP, UMP

Question 23

Name the nucleoside diphosphates of A G C U

Answer 23

ADP, GDP, CDP, UDP

Question 24

Name the nucleoside triphosphates of A G C U

Answer 24

ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP

Question 25

Name the deoxynucleoside mono, di, tri, phosphates of A G C T

Answer 25

dAMP,etc dGMP,etc dCMP,etc dTMP,etc

Question 26

What is the monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 26

nucleotides

Question 27

What bonds hold nucleotides together

Answer 27

phosphodiester bonds

Question 28

What are the 6 main functions of proteins

Answer 28

1. catalysis- catalyze cellular rxns 2. structure- structural rigidity (filaments, microtubules, cytoskeleton,etc) 3. transport- flow of materials across membrane 4. regulatory-sensors/switches to control protein activity + gene function *transcription factors 5. signalling- transmit external signals to cell interior 6. motor- motion: kinesins, dyneins

Question 29

Are all enzymes proteins

Answer 29

in general yes, except for ribozymes

Question 30

What is crucial to protein function

Answer 30

SHAPE - structure - allows them to recognize eachother

Question 31

What are the monomers of polypeptide chains

Answer 31

amino acids

Question 32

What holds together polypeptides

Answer 32

peptide bonds

Question 33

What are the components of an amino acid

Answer 33

- carboxyl group - amino group - alpha carbon - hydrogen atom - R group

Question 34

What determines the properties of an amino acid

Answer 34

R group

Question 35

What are the 2 chiral forms (isomers) of amino acids

Answer 35

D (bacteria) | L (living cells)

Question 36

What are the characteristics and 3 types of hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 36

water loving, POLAR 1. basic (+) 2. acidic (-) 3. polar (uncharged)

Question 37

List the basic amino acids

Answer 37

lysine, arginine, histidine

Question 38

List the acidic amino acids

Answer 38

asparagate, glutamate

Question 39

List the uncharged polar amino acids

Answer 39

serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine

Question 40

What are the characteristics of hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 40

non-polar, don't like H2O

Question 41

List the hydrophobic amino acids

Answer 41

alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylaline, tryptophan, tyrosine

Question 42

What are the 3 special amino acids and what is special about them

Answer 42

1. cysteine: sulfhydryl groups, forms strong disulfide bonds with itself. stabilizes folded structure, inter/intra cross linking 2. glycine: symmetrical, not chiral (no D or L isomers) 3. proline: rigid ring structure, creates kinks

Question 43

What are the 2 most common side chain modifications and what are they responsible for

Answer 43

1. phosphorylation (serine, tyrosine, threonine):cell signalling 2.acetylation (lysine): histones- changes structure of chromatin microtubules- stabilizes them