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Biochemistry -- Zach H. > Nucleotide Structure, Function, and Metabolism > Flashcards

Nucleotide Structure, Function, and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between adenine and thymine?

A

2 Hydrogen Bonds

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2
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between guanine and cytosine?

A

3 Hydrogen Bonds

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3
Q

Why are chromosomes typically found as unwound chromatin within the nucleus and not in the typical perceived chromosome form? Also, in what phase of the cell cycle would this be?

A

So that the DNA is available for transcription of genes.

During Interphase

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4
Q

Roughly how many nucleotides make up our genome?

A

3 Billion

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5
Q

What 2 DNA binding proteins are involved in forming chromosomes?

A

Histones and Non-histone chromosomal proteins

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6
Q

How many more times condensed are chromosomes compared to interphase DNA?

A

Mitotic chromosomes are condensed 500 times compared to interphase DNA.

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7
Q

What makes up chromatin?

A

proteins and nuclear DNA

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8
Q

True or False:

Nucleotides are the phosphate ethers of nucleosides.

A

False - nucleotides are the phosphate esters of nucleosides.

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9
Q

What components make up a nucleotide?

A

Base - Sugar - Phosphate

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10
Q

What components make up a nucleoside?

A

Base - Sugar

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11
Q

Which carbon of the sugar is the base attached to in nucleotides, and what type of linkage is this between the nitrogen of the base and carbon of the sugar?

A

Base is attached to Carbon 1 on the sugar via a Beta-glycosidic linkage.

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12
Q

Which bases have a 2 ring structure?

A

Purines have a 2 ring structure and they’re:

  • adenine (A)
  • guanine (G)
  • hypoxanthine (I)
  • xanthine (X)
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13
Q

Which bases have a 1 ring structure?

A

Pyrimidines have a 1 ring structure and they’re:

  • cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
  • Thymine (T)
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14
Q

Which carbon is hydrolyzed to make deoxyribose into ribose?

A

Carbon 2’

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15
Q

What type of bond in ATP links the alpha phosphate group to the ribose sugar?

A

phosphoric acid ester bond

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16
Q

How is the structure of DNA written and synthesized in respect to sugar attachment?

A

Written and Synthesized 5’ -> 3’

17
Q

What type of bond links the beta and gamma phosphate groups to each other and the alpha phosphate group?

A

phosphoric acid anhydride bonds

18
Q

Of the listed reactions, rank in order of decreasing entropy:

I) ATP -> ADP + Pi
II) ATP -> AMP + PPi
III) PPi -> Pi + Pi

A

II > I > III

19
Q

How many anstrom is in 1 turn of the DNA helix? Also, how many base pairs are there per turn?

A

34 A

10 base-pairs/turn

20
Q

Do the bases within the DNA helix point inwards or outwards?

A

Inwards

21
Q

DNA exists in multiple forms, but which is the most common and is it hydrated or not?

A

Mostly B form, which is the hydrated form.

22
Q

Is DNA replication conservative, non-conservative, or semiconservative?

A

Semiconservative

**experiment is in book.

23
Q

Do humans have reverse transcriptase like viruses have?

A

YES

24
Q

During the joining of the primer strand at the 5’ to 3’ position, how many inorganic phosphates are cleaved (released)?

A

2 - PPi

25
Q

Note that each phosphodiester linkage in the backbone of both DNA and RNA has a negative charge. This negative charge is important in protecting DNA or RNA from?

A

Negative charge repels nucleophilic species such as hydroxide ion, which are capable of hydrolytically cleaving the phosphodiester linkages of the nucleic acid backbone.

*The absence of the 2’ - hydroxyl group in DNA further increases its resistance to hydrolysis.

26
Q

In the digestion of RNA, which enzyme cleaves RNA into short RNA oligomers?

A

Ribonucleases

27
Q

Which enzyme cleaves the phosphdiester bond of either DNA oligomers or RNA oligomers into nucleoside monophosphates (NMPs) or dexoynucleoside monophosphates (dNMPs)?

A

Phosphodiesterases

28
Q

Which enzymes convert NMPs and dNMPs in to nucleosides and deoxynucleosides?

A

Nucleotidases

29
Q

What enzyme removes ribose or deoxyribose from its base, resulting in pyrimidines or purines and ribose or deoxyribose sugars?

A

Nucleosidases

30
Q

The formation of which molecule in purine synthesis is the committed step of the reaction?

A

phosphoribosyl amine

31
Q

What are the two salvage enzymes in purine synthesis?

A

1) hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

2) adenine phosphoribosyl transferase

32
Q

What sources provide the ring atoms in purine bases?

A 
CO2
Gln
Gly
Asp
N10-formyl THF
33
Q

During purine synthesis, which amino acid contributes carbons 4 and 5, along with the 7th nitrogen?

A

Glycine

34
Q

List the different purine bases.

A

adenine
guanine
hypoxanthine
xanthine

35
Q

What is phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthesized from?

A

ribose phosphate and ATP

36
Q

What molecule is a central constituent of nucleotide metabolism?

A

PRPP

*phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

Biochemistry -- Zach H. (4 decks)

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