nucleophilic substitution reactions Flashcards

OZ7

1
Q

define nucleophile

A

a nucleophile is a species with a lone pair of electrons, which it donates to a delta positive carbon, forming a new covalent bond.

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2
Q

define substitution reaction

A

substitution reactions are where one atom or group in a molecules gets replaced by another atom or group

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3
Q

define nucleophile

A

a nucleophile is a species with a lone pair of electrons, which it donates to a delta positive carbon forming a new covalent bond

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4
Q

define substitution reaction

A

substitution reactions are when one atom or group in a molecule gets replaces by another atom or group

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5
Q

name the conditions and reagents needed for the reaction of an alkane and OH- ions

A

reagents: NaOH (aq) which provides the OH- ions (Na+ are spectator ions)
conditions: heat under reflux

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6
Q

what is reflux?

A

Reflux is where a liquid reaction mixture is boiled in a flask connected to a vertical condenser. this is used when the mixture needs heating for a while as it prevents loss of reactants and products as vapour, the compounds continuously evaporate then condense and drip back down into the mixture.

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7
Q

describe an alkanes reaction with water

A

water can act as a nucleophile as the oxygen has a lone pair that it can donate and is delta negative. But it is a weaker nucleophile s=than OH- ions (as water does not have a full - charge) the reaction is very slow, as with OH- the product is an alcohol

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8
Q

how many stages are there in a reaction between an alkane and a water molecule?

A

Three.
there is an intermediate stage, since the O still has 2 hydrogens bonded so it needs to break the bond between the O and H before the reaction is complete

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9
Q

what are the reactants and conditions required for an alkane to react with ammonia (NH3)?

A

since ammonia is a nucleophile without a full minus charge, the reaction is vigorous.
reactants: concentrated ammonia solution
conditions: heat in a sealed tube

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10
Q

how many stages does a reaction between ammonia and an alkane have?

A

similar to water, an alkane and ammonia reacting have 3 stages. this is because there needs to be a bond broken between the N and one of the three H

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11
Q

what’s NH2 group called?

A

an amine

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