Nucleir ACid and Proteins

Question 1

Prokaryotic

Answer 1

ex: bacteria and archaea, smaller, less complex, unicellular, have no membrane or nucleus

Question 2

Eukaryotes

Answer 2

ex: plants, animals, fungi and protists, membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Question 3

Cell theory

Answer 3

states that all living organisms are made up of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic organisational unit of living things

Question 4

Features of cells

Answer 4

plasma membrane (controls which substances can enter the cell), cytoplasm (substance that contains all organelles), DNA (contains cells genetic information), ribosomes (site to make proteins)

Question 5

Nucleus

Answer 5

double membrane bound, contains dna, contains genetic information, directs cells activity, present in animal and plant cells

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

double membrane bound, releases energy, present in animal and plant cells

Question 7

Rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER)

Answer 7

membrane bound, ribosomes bind to membrane, synthesises and processes proteins, present in plants and animal cells

Question 8

Ribosome

Answer 8

non-membrane bound, composed of proteins and RNA, translates messenger RNA into proteins, present in animal and plant cells

Question 9

Golgi apparatus

Answer 9

membrane bound, further processes and packages proteins into vesicles to export out of the cell, present in animal and plant cells

Question 10

Chloroplast

Answer 10

ouble membrane bound, contains dna, uses light energy, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose (photosynthesis), present in only plant cells

Question 11

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER)

Answer 11

membrane bound, synthesises lipids, present in animal and plant cells

Question 12

Carbohydrates

Answer 12

important source of chemical energy, used as energy reserves in living things, form structural components, form parts of DNA and RNA

Question 13

Lipids

Answer 13

fatty substances composed of nonpolar hydrophobic molecules, insoluble in water, create protective barriers between two substances, main component of membranes, store energy, important role as hormones, relatively small, vary in structure, comes in two forms-simple and compound

Question 14

Nucleic acids

Answer 14

the genetic material of all organisms, determine the features of an organism, they are biomacromolecules composed of long chains monomers called nucleotides- nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 15

DNA

Answer 15

carries instructions needed to assemble proteins from amino acids using a genetic code, composed of thymine, adenine, guinea and cytosine

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

major role in the manufacture of proteins in a cell, four bases are adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

Question 17

Proteins

Answer 17

complex, makeup over 50% of dry weight of cells, thousands of different types of proteins, all varying in functions, organisms can have proteins unique to them, they can catalyse cellular reactions, important role as hormones, act as carrier molecules, form structural components, important role in immune system

Question 18

Amino acids

Answer 18

linked by a chemical bond called peptide bond, and form polypeptides, a protein is formed by polypeptides arranged in a biologically functional way- joined together in a specific order to form polypeptide chains, these chains are then folded and coiled into proteins- structure: amine group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a variable R group (or side chain)

Question 19

Enzymes

Answer 19

a type of protein, act as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions, they have a large globular shapes and is found in specific reactions to either speed up anabolic (breaking down larger molecules) or catabolic (larger molecules broken into smaller molecules) reactions

Question 20

Four different levels of organisation (proteins)

Answer 20

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure

Question 21

Primary structure

Answer 21

is the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain, unique to each protein, linear sequences with less than 50 amino acids are peptides

Question 22

Secondary structure

Answer 22

the folding and coiling of the polypeptide chain, occurs due to the formation of hydrogen bond, amine and carboxyl groups

Question 23

Tertiary Structure

Answer 23

polypeptides that fold further forming more stable globular or fibrous shapes, the result of a combination of alpha and beta sheets, occurs due to different type of bonds

Question 24

Quaternary Structure

Answer 24

formed when two or more chain or prosthetic group join together to create a single functional protein, may be identical or different, some proteins do not become active till they are in their quaternary structure

Question 25

Protein secretory pathway

Answer 25

Proteins to be secreted are synthesised by ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Polypeptide chain is inserted into lumen of the RER , once synthesised it is transported through tubules of the RER where its modified, once at end of tube they’re wrapped in the membrane of vesicles from ER, these vesicles are than moved to other parts of the body.
Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins into vesicles for export out of cell, these vesicles travelled to and fused with the golgi apparatus, as it moves through golgi apparatus it continues to be modified, once ready for secretion they leave golgi apparatus and move to the plasma membrane where it is released out of cell.