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Biology Assessment 1 > Nucleic acids, proteins, esters > Flashcards

Nucleic acids, proteins, esters Flashcards

1
Q

What are nucleic acids

A

Large polymers formed from nucleotides

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2
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made up of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorous

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3
Q

What three components make up an individual nucleotide

A

A pentose monosaccharide (sugar) contains 5 carbons
A phosphate group (negatively charged inorganic molecule)
A nitrogenous base

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4
Q

How are nucleotides linked together

A

Condensation reactions

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5
Q

What polymer is made from nucleotides

A

Polynucleotide

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6
Q

Where are phosphodiester bonds formed

A

Between the phosphate group and the 5th carbon of the pentose sugar and the 3rd carbon of the pentose sugar

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7
Q

How are the phosphodiester bonds broken

A

Hydrolysis reactions

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8
Q

What are the two types of DNA bases

A

Pyrimidines and purines

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9
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines

A

T and C (the smaller bases which contain a single ring carbon structure)

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10
Q

Which bases are the purines

A

A and G (the larger bases which contain double ring carbon structures)

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11
Q

What is a double helix

A

Two strands of DNA nucleotides coiled into a helix

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12
Q

What holds together the two strands of a double helix

A

Hydrogen bonds between the bases

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13
Q

How are the two parallel strands arranged

A

Antiparallel (run in opposite directions)

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14
Q

What are the hydroxyl groups at each end of the strand

A

Hydroxyl group (3’) and hydroxyl group (5’)

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15
Q

What is DNA base pairing known as

A

Complimentary base pairing

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16
Q

Which bases pair together

A

A and T

C and G

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17
Q

What does complimentary base pairing ensure happens

A

Maintains a constant distance between bases

Equal amounts of adenine and thymine, as well as guanine and cytosine

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18
Q

What is RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Polynucleotide molecules involved in the transfer of genetic information from DNA

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19
Q

Why is RNA needed

A

As DNA is a molecule that is too large to leave the nucleus

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20
Q

What happens to RNA after protein synthesis

A

It is degraded in the cytoplasm, phosphodiester bonds are hydrolysed and RNA nucleotides are released and reused

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21
Q

What is a triglyceride

A

A molecule made up of one glyceride molecule and three fatty acids

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22
Q

What does the interaction of the triglyceride and fatty acid hydroxyl group form

A

3 water molecules and bonds between the fatty acids and the glycerol molecules

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23
Q

What are the type of bonds holding the glycerol and fatty acids together in triglycerides

A

Ester bonds

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24
Q

What is the reaction called where ester bonds form

A

Esterification

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25
Q

What type of reaction is esterification

A

Condensation

26
Q

What are globular proteins

A

Compact, water soluble, normally spherical proteins

27
Q

How do globular proteins form

A

When proteins fold into their tertiary structure in a way that the hydrophobic r-groups are kept away from the aqueous environment

28
Q

Why are globular proteins important

A

They are soluble in water so help regulate many essential processes

29
Q

What is an example of a globular protein

A

Insulin

30
Q

Why does insulin need to be soluble

A

Because it is transported through the blood stream

31
Q

What are conjugated proteins

A

They are globular proteins that contain a non protein component called a prosthetic groups

32
Q

What are examples of conjugated groups

A

Lipids combine with proteins to make lipoproteins
Carbohydrates combine with proteins to form glycoproteins
Metal ions and molecules from vitamins also form prosthetic groups
Haem groups ( catalase and haemoglobin)

33
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

The red oxygen carrying pigment found in red blood cells

34
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin

A

Quaternary protein

35
Q

What does haemoglobin consist of

A

Four polypeptides, two alpha and two beta subunits

36
Q

What does each subunit in haemoglobin contain

A

A prosthetic haem group

37
Q

How does this haem group allow haemoglobin to carry oxygen

A

The iron ions present can combine with oxygen in a reversible way allowing it to pick up, transport and then release oxygen

38
Q

What is catalase

A

An enzyme

39
Q

What type of protein is catalase

A

A quaternary protein

40
Q

What reaction does catalase catalyse

A

The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

41
Q

How does catalase help with the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

A

The iron ions in the prosthetic group are able to interact with the hydrogen

42
Q

Is hydrogen peroxide damaging to cells

A

Yes

43
Q

What are fibrous proteins

A

Proteins formed in long, insoluble molecules that have a high proportion of amino acids contains hydrophobic r groups in their primary structures

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the amino acids in fibrous proteins

A 
Limited range of amino acids
Quite repetitive (in primary structure)
45
Q

What are examples of fibrous proteins

A

Keratin, elastin and collagen

46
Q

What are the structural characteristics of fibrous proteins

A

Strong, long molecules, organised structures, not folded into 3D shapes

47
Q

What is keratin

A

A group of fibrous proteins present in hair skin and nails

48
Q

What type of amino acids does keratin largely consist of

A

Cytesine (Sulfur-containing)

49
Q

What sort of bonds are the result of a large proportion of cytesine

A

Disulfide bonds

50
Q

What characteristics do disulfide bonds produce

A

Strong, inflexible and insoluble materials

51
Q

What determines the flexibility of keratin

A

Degree of disulfide

52
Q

What is an example of keratin containing fewer disulfide bonds

A

Hair (as it is flexible)

53
Q

What is an example of keratin containing a large number of disulfide bonds

A

Nails (as they are not flexible)

54
Q

What is elastin

A

A fibrous protein found in elastic fibres that are able to expand when needed and return to their original shape

55
Q

What type of protein is elastin

A

Quaternary protein

56
Q

What are the stretchy molecule called that make up elastin

A

Tropoelastin

57
Q

What is collagen

A

A fibrous protein that acts as a connective tissue

58
Q

Where is collagen found

A

Skin, tendons, ligaments and the nervous system

59
Q

What is elastin made up from

A

3 polypeptides wound together in a long and strong rope like structure

60
Q

What is the key characteristic of collagen

A

It is flexible

Biology Assessment 1 (7 decks)

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