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Y12 Biology 2025 > Nucleic Acids & Proteins > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids & Proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two types of nucleic acids.

A

DNA / RNA

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2
Q

Draw, label and name the monomer of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotide

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3
Q

Compare DNA and RNA

A

DNA has the pentose sugar deoxyribose whereas RNA has the pentose sugar ribose
DNA has the nitrogenous base thymine whereas RNA has the nitrogenous base uracil
DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded

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4
Q

Genome

A

The genome is all the genetic information in an individual or cell.

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5
Q

Components of eukaryotic gene.

A

Regulatory sequence
Promoter region
Start instruction
Exons
Introns
Stop instruction

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6
Q

Components of prokaryotic gene

A

Promotor region
Operator region
Start instruction
Exons
Stop instruction

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7
Q

Promoter region

A

RNA polymerase attachment site is upstream of all genes.

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8
Q

Regulatory gene

A

controls another gene, by coding for a transcription factor, like a repressor protein which can attach to the operator region.

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9
Q

Structural gene

A

A gene that codes for protein that becomes part of the structure or function of an organism.

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10
Q

Gene regulation

A

Gene regulation is the cellular control of amount, or timing of appearance, of the functional product of a gene.

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11
Q

Purpose of gene regulation

A

Save energy and allows for specialised cells (cells who may have the same genome but express different genes resulting in different proteomes)

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12
Q

Proteome

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a given time.

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13
Q

If given the number of amino acids in a polypeptide, how do you work out the number of bases / nucleotides in the mRNA?

A

amino acids x 3 , then add 3 (stop codon)

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14
Q

If given the number of bases / nucleotides in mRNA, how do you work out the number of amino acids in the polypeptide?

A

Bases / nucleotides / 3, then minus 1 (due to 3 bases not coding for an amino acid as they are a stop codon)

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15
Q

If given the number of amino acids in a polypeptide, how do you work out the number of codons in the mRNA?

A

number of amino acids = number of codons , plus 1 (stop codon)

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16
Q

Transcription factors

A

Bind to operator region (prokaryotes) or regulatory sequence (eukaryotes) and either help transcription occur or repress it

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17
Q

Transcription

A

Transcription this means that
DNA unwinds and RNA Polymerase attaches to the promotor region for the _______ gene.
DNA template strand is copied into pre-mRNA via complementary base pairing using RNA polymerase.
pre mRNA undergoes RNA processing. Introns are removed, a 5’ methyl G cap and 3’ poly-A tail are added to form mRNA.
mRNA for _______ leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome.

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18
Q

Intron

A

Non-coding regions, do not code for the protein so are removed

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19
Q

Exon

A

Coding regions, do code for proteins so are kept

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20
Q

Purpose of adding 5’ methyl-G-cap

A

protect the mRNA from enzyme degradation (prevents enzymes breaking it down) and helps the ribosome to bind to mRNA to translate the protein

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21
Q

Purpose of adding 3’ poly-A-tail

A

protect the mRNA from enzyme degradation (prevents enzymes breaking it down) and allows mRNA to leave the nucleus

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22
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Once the introns have been removed, the exons will be spliced together in different arrangements. This means many protein products can be formed from a single gene.

23
Q

Why is the proteome larger than the genome?

A

Alternative splicing during RNA processing this means that the exons will be spliced together in different arrangements. This means many protein products can be formed from a single gene.

24
Q

Translation

A

Translation this means that
Ribosomes read the mRNA code for _____.
tRNA brings the correct and specific amino acid to the ribosome.
tRNA anticodons are complementary and specific to mRNA codons.
Amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond, in a condensation polymerisation reaction, and a ______ polypeptide is formed.

25
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA - carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome

26
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA - brings correct and specific amino acids to the ribosome

27
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA - structural component of ribosomesalong with other proteins

28
Q

Codon

A

Three base sequence on mRNA

29
Q

Anticodon

A

Three base sequence on tRNA

30
Q

Degenerate

A

multiple codons code for the same amino acid.

31
Q

Universal

A

same codons/triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things. e.g. TAC will code for Met in all living things.

32
Q

Draw, label and name the monomer of a protein

A

Amino acid

33
Q

Primary structure protein

A

Sequence of amino acids

34
Q

Bonds in primary structure protein

A

peptide

35
Q

Secondary structure protein

A

The folding of the primary structure into alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

36
Q

Bonds holding secondary structure protein

A

Hydrogen

37
Q

Tertiary structure protein

A

The 3D structure composed of folded secondary structures

38
Q

Bonds holding tertiary structure protein

A

Hydrogen, ionic and disulfide bond

39
Q

Quaternary structure protein

A

Two or more polypeptides joined together

40
Q

Organelles involed in protein production and secretion

A

Nucleus
Ribosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicle

41
Q

Role of nucleus in protein production

A

Transcribes DNA into mRNA

42
Q

Role of ribosome in protein production

A

Translates mRNA into polypeptide

43
Q

Role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in protein production

A

Folding ___________ polypeptides into proteins and transport them into transport vesicles

44
Q

Role of transport vesicle in protein production

A

Transport _________________ proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

45
Q

Role of golgi apparatus in protein production

A

Final modification and packaging of ___________ proteins into secretory vesicles.

46
Q

Role of secretory vesicle in protein production

A

Fuse with the plasma membrane allowing ____________ protein to leave the cell via exocytosis.

47
Q

What is tryptophan?

A

Amino acid

48
Q

Purpose of trp operon

A

Save energy (by not making trp when it is already present)

49
Q

Trp operon components

A

Regulatory gene
Empty
Promoter region
Operator region
Leader region
Structural genes (TrpE, TrpD, TrpC, TrpB, TrpA)

50
Q

Trp operon on

A
  1. Regulatory gene codes for trp repressor protein
  2. When there is no trp present it can’t bind to the trp repressor protein. The repressor protein does not change its 3D shape and is not specific and complimentary to the operator region, therefore it can’t bind to the operator region. The promoter region is left free.
  3. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and transcribes the structural genes.
  4. Transcription, translation and gene expression of the structural genes occurs and enzymes to make trp are produced.
51
Q

Repression in trp operon

A
  1. Regulatory gene codes for trp repressor protein
  2. When trp is present, 2x trp binds to trp repressor protein.
  3. The repressor protein 3D shape is changed making it specific and complimentary to the operator region, where it attaches and overhangs the promoter region.
  4. RNA polymerase cannot bind to the promoter region
  5. No transcription, translation and gene expression of the structural genes occurs and enzymes to make trp are not produced.
52
Q

Attenuation

A

Attenuation this means that
The leader region is transcribed.
When tryptophan is present on tRNA, the ribosome translates the two tryptophan codons and stops at the stop codon, blocking domain 2
This leads to domain 3 and 4 forming a hairpin loop.
That puts tension on the attenuator region and mRNA pulls away from the DNA, causing RNA Polymerase to detach
Preventing transcription of the structural genes and no enzymes for the synthesis of tryptophan are produced

53
Q

Trp operon on, leader region

A

The leader region is transcribed.
When there is no Tryptophan in the cytosol (no repression occurs) and none on tRNA (no attenuation occurs) then the ribosome stalls at the two trp codons
This leads to domain 2 and 3 forming a hairpin loop
That does not cause the attenuator region to pull away from the DNA, allowing RNA Polymerase to continue and transcribe the structural genes
The enzymes for the synthesis of tryptophan are produced

54
Q

Differences between repression and attenuation

A

In repression, RNA polymerase is inhibited from attaching to the promoter region whereas in attenuation, RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region
In repression, the leader region is not transcribed whereas in attenuation, the leader region is transcribed
In repression, trp attaches to the repressor protein whereas in attenuation, trp does not attach to the repressor protein

Y12 Biology 2025 (3 decks)

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