nucleic acids and proteins Flashcards
to learn: -the functional importance of the four hierarchal levels of protein structure -the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from amino acid monomers by condensation polymerisation
primary structure
primary structure:
- Linear sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain.
- Determines how the protein will fold and its ultimate structure.
secondary structure
• Hydrogen bonds form between amine and carboxyl groups.
- Three types:
- Alpha helix
- Beta-pleated sheets
- Random coil
teritary structure
- Further folding as bonds between R groups form.
- Bonds include: hydrogen bridges and disulphide bridges.
- Combination of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
• 3D shape critical to functioning
quaternary structure
• Consists of two or more polypeptide chains or prosthetic groups (inorganic compound) interacting.
- Conjugated protein consists of prosthetic group. Eg. Haemoglobin.
- Some proteins not active until this structure
what is a nucleic acid?
large biomolecules that store and transmit heredity information
monomer: amino acid
amino acids are organic molecules that are the monomers that make op proteins. comprised of an amine group an R group and a carboxyl group
fibrous
fibrous proteins form structural protein which confers stiffness and rigidity to biological components and are insoluble for example collagen
globular
globular proteins are comprised of a ‘spherical structure’ induced by the tertiary structure of the protein, with a range of solubility for example insulin and haemoglobin.
monomer: nucleotide
the monomer compromising of DNA or RNA molecules: consists of a nitrogenous base a five-carbon pentose sugar and a phosphate group
PROTEOME
all the proteins expressed by a cell or organisms
ribosomal RNA rRNA
the main structural component of ribosomes
transfer RNA tRNA
RNA that delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome after recognizing a specific nucleotide sequence
messenger RNA mRNA
messenger RNA is a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene and transfers the instruction that codes for different amino acids to the ribosomes
condensation polymerisation
a reaction in which 2 small molecules form a larger molecule, producing water as a by-product
molecules joined together through this reaction are proteins and nucleic acid
poly peptide chain
A polypeptide is a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length), held together by amide bonds. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides (more than about 50 amino acids long). An oligopeptide consists of only a few amino acids (between two and twenty).
