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BIO206 > Nucleic Acids and DNA > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids and DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the cellular activities performed by proteins?

A

Catalyze metabolic reactions, build cellular structures, and send/receive signals.

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2
Q

What is the function of the building blocks of DNA?

A

Storage of genetic information

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3
Q

What is the function of the building blocks of RNA?

A

carrier of genetic information + structural components of tRNA, ribosomes, spliceosomes, etc.

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4
Q

What are the functions of energy metabolism?

A

ATP, GTP, and perform biochemical work

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5
Q

What is the function of cellular signalling?

A

second messengers in the form of cAMP etc

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6
Q

What is the linear polymer of deoxyribonucleotides?

A

DNA

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7
Q

What is the linear polymer of ribonucleotides?

A

RNA

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8
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

phosphate, pentose sugar (5 carbon) and nitrogenous base

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9
Q

What is the difference between nucleotides and nucleoside?

A

Nucleotides consist of phosphates, sugar, and base while nucleoside only has sugar and base (i.e. no phosphate group).

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10
Q

What makes up an adenosine?

A

Ribose and adenine

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11
Q

What are some differences between pyrimidine and purine?

A

Pyrimidines have single ring and smaller structure. Purines have double ring and larger structure.

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12
Q

What are the five types of nitrogenous bases? What are considered pyrimidines and purines?

A

Thymine, cytosine and uracil are types of pyrimidines. Adenine and guanine are types of purines.

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13
Q

What are two types of pentose sugars? Differentiate between the two.

A

Ribose has OH group at #2 carbon and is a building block of Ribonucleic acid. While 2-deoxyribose lacks OH group at the #2 carbon (only has H) and is a building block of deoxyribonucleic acid.

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14
Q

What is the difference between pyrimidines and purines in terms of the connection between nitrogen and carbon of ribose sugar.

A

In pyrimidines, nitrogen 1 is connected to the 1’ carbon of the ribose sugar. In purines, nitrogen 9 is connected to the 1’ carbon of the ribose sugar.

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15
Q

What forms when a sugar phosphate is added to a base such as guanine?

A

Nucleotide

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16
Q

Where does nucleotides attach on the structure of the ribose (sugar)?

A

Through 5’ and 3’ carbons

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17
Q

How does polymerization occur?

A

Polymerization occurs via formation of 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bonds.

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18
Q

In what direction does DNA get synthesized?

A

In the 5’ -> 3’ direction

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19
Q

What is an enzyme catalyzed condensation reaction?

A

When 3’ carbon of the first nucleotide attacks the 5’ carbon of the second nucelotide.

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20
Q

How does nucleotides polymerize?

A

Nucleotide1 is about to polymerize nucleotide 2. Then 3’ OH of the nucleotide 1 attacks the 5’ phosphates of nucleotide 2. Afterwards, 3’-5’ phosphodiester bond connects nucleotide 1 and 2. Then when Nucleotide 3 is about to polymerize, 3’ OH of the nucleotide 2 attacks the phosphates of nucleotide 3. Therefore, nucleotide 3 is now incorporated into the polymerize nucleotides.

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21
Q

Where does incoming nucleotides get added?

A

Incoming nucleotides always gets added to the 3’ end of the already existing poly-nucleotide.

22
Q

What is the alternating chains of sugar and phosphate called?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone.

23
Q

What is true about the 5’ end of the linear polynucleotide?

A

They will always have 3 phosphates attached.

24
Q

How are nitrogenous bases forms a pair?

A

Bia hydrogen bonds

25
Q

What are the Watson Crick base pairing?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil), guanine pairs with a cytosine, and purine pairs with pyrimidines.

26
Q

What holds the two strands of DNA together,i.e., what makes double stranded DNA?

A

Base-pairing of nitrogenous bases between two strands of DNA holds the strands together.

27
Q

How are the two strands of DNA held and why is that?

A

Two strands of DNA are held antiparallel to each other with respect to their 5’-3’ polarity.

28
Q

What is on the outside and inside of a double stranded DNA?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside and nitrogenous bases inside.

29
Q

What is the distance between the two C1’ carbons in a base-pair?

A

10.85 A or 1.085 nm

30
Q

What hold DNA strands together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

31
Q

What is the difference between C-G pair and A-T pair?

A

C-G pair has one more hydrogen bond compared to A-T pair, therefore, it takes more energy to break apart a CG pair.

32
Q

What is denaturation?

A

It is when hydrogen bonds break with heat

33
Q

What is true about the species living in extremely high temperatures in terms of % GC of genome?

A

They may have higher % GC

34
Q

An organism’s genome is 15% Adenine. What is the % Guanine fro this organism?

A

15% A = 15% T, so AT = 30%
100% - 30% AT = 70% GC
70% GC / 2 = 35% G, 35% C

35
Q

What is used as a template to ‘copy’ DNA?

A

A single strand of parental DNA

36
Q

In what direction should the nucleotide sequence be written?

A

5’ to 3’

37
Q

What did Levene deciphered about the DNA structure?

A

DNA contains equal proportions of deoxyribose, nitrogenous bases, and phosphates

38
Q

What did Chargaff decipher about the DNA structure?

A

number of adenine = number of thymine, number of guanine = number of cytosine

39
Q

What did Franklin and Wilkins decipher about the DNA strcuture?

A

X-ray diffraction shows DNA structure is double helix

40
Q

What did Watson and Crick decipher about the DNA structure?

A

Deduced the double helical structure of DNA

41
Q

What is the distance per one turn of double helix? What is the distance between adjacent base-pairs? How many bases are there per turn?

A

3.4 nm is the distance per one turn, 0.34 nm is the distance between adjacent pairs, therefore, there are 10 bases per turn of double helix.

42
Q

What are the 3 structural variants of double stranded DNA?

A

A, B, and Z

43
Q

Describe the structure of A-DNA

A
  • right handed
  • short and broad
  • <75% humidity
44
Q

Describe the structure of B-DNA

A
  • right handed
  • longer and thinner
  • physiological conditions
45
Q

Describe the structure of Z-DNA

A
  • left handed
  • elongated and slim
  • function unknown
46
Q

What angle does a major groove have? How about minor groove?

A

257, 103

47
Q

At what angle does DNA rotate while the next base pair gets attached on top?

A

36 degrees

48
Q

Where are the different ‘shapes’ of nucleotides exposed?

A

On the minor and major grooves

49
Q

What is the purpose of the major and minor grooves for proteins?

A

They become binding points for proteins

50
Q

How is the chemical composition of RNA similar to DNA?

A

Sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases attached to sugars

51
Q

What are the differences of RNA compared to DNA?

A
  • Pyrimidine uracil instead of thymine
  • Sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose; the sugar has a OH group on the 2’ carbon
  • Exists as a single stranded molecule with extensive secondary structures
  • Not for storage
  • Some RNA has catalytic activity
52
Q

How are secondary structures formed using RNA?

A

When bases within the same molecule of single stranded RNA base-pair with one another

BIO206 (5 decks)

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