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B3 Biochem > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

A

DNA replication

Transcription

Translation

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2
Q

DNA stores information to be:

A

Transcribed to make RNA

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3
Q

RNA is modified and use as a template:

A

Translated to make protein`

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4
Q

5-carbon sugar examples

A

Ribose

Deoxyribose

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5
Q

Purines

A

Dicyclic

Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

Pyrimidines

A

One ring

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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7
Q

DNA contains:

A

Adenine, guanine

Cytosine, thymine

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8
Q

RNA contains:

A

Adenine guanine

Cytosine uracil

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9
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleic acids

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10
Q

Where does the energy for nucleic acid synthesis come from?

A

Nucleotide di- and tri-phosphates, their anhydride bonds

Energy is released

ATP, GTP, ADP, or NTPs generally

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11
Q

Carbon 1

A

Glycosidic bond, linked to base

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12
Q

Carbon 2

A

Hydroxyl in RNA

No oxygen in DNA

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13
Q

Carbon 3

A

Hydroxyl group in both DNA and RNA

Required for polymerizaiton of nucleic acids. 3’ to 5’ phosphodiester bond

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14
Q

Carbon 5

A

Linked to one of more phosphates

Joined to carbon 3 via phosphodiester bond of an adjacent nucleotide

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15
Q

DNA is polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

5’ end and 3’ end

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16
Q

At the 5’ end…

A

Free phosphate group

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17
Q

At the 3’ end…

A

Free hydroxyl group

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18
Q

Nucleotides in DNA are joined by

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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19
Q

Bases are linked to C2 by

A

Glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

DNA is always written in what direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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21
Q

If phosphate groups are indicated in nucleic acids

A

pTpApCpG

Or for DNA:
dTdAdCdG

Or for RNA:
rUrArCrG

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22
Q

DNA strands are always

A

Antiparallel and Complementary

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23
Q

Antiparallel

A

Two strands are opposite in direction

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24
Q

Complementary

A

A pairs with T

G pairs with C

Via H-bonds

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25
A::T base pairing
2H bonds
26
G::C base pairing
3H bonds
27
Chargaffs rule
If there is 20% G, then there is 20% C. Then that means there 60% A/T.
28
DNA Structure
Double helix, with major and minor grooves for regulatory proteins Hydrophilic sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside of the helix, contains net NEGATIVE charge Hydrogen bonded base pairs are hydrophobic , "stairs" of helix, perpendicular to axis of symmetry Amphipathic!
29
Right-handed helix
Watson-Crick DNA B-DNA
30
Left-handed helix
Rarer form High GC content Z-DNA Important for gene regulation
31
Denaturation of DNA results in:
ssDNA Via heat, alkali, or chemicals Aka "melting" Hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken on dsDNA
32
High GC content has a _____ Tm, high AT content has a _____ Tm.
Higher, lower
33
What is Tm?
Temperature required to melt 50% of the DNA in a sample
34
Once denatured, if DNA is allowed to cool...
The ssDNA will becomes renatured and H-bonds will reform DNA will reanneal
35
Genomes of most organisms are ____ compares to the size of the cell
'UGE
36
Length of DNA in a single human cell
About 2 meters
37
Omg. If you isolate ALL the DNA in all of your cells..
It would stretch to the sun and back. Wtf.
38
In prokaryotes and mDNA, the DNA is
Supercoiled
39
What relaxes Supercoiled DNA? What Supercoils DNA?
Relax- DNA topoisomerase 1 Coil - DNA Gyrase
40
What do quinolones do?
Inhibited DNA Gyrase, keeping DNA in relaxed formation Toxic in high concentrations
41
What are nucleosomes?
DNA wrapped around histones
42
What is chromatin?
Tightly packed nucleosomes
43
Histones are rich in:
Lysine and arginine | +charged basic AAs
44
Histones bind strongly to:
Negatively charged DNA
45
Two units of each histone form:
A histone octamer Via 2 units of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
46
A group of free nucelosomes (without H1) are called
"Beads on a string" Sensitive to nuclease degradation Necessary to Gene Expression
47
If nucleosomes contain H1...
They are tightly packed, not free Nucleofilament
48
Further condensation of nucleosomes form:
Chromatin and chromosomes Important for Cell Division**
49
fun fact about tRNA
RNA can base pair back on itself.
50
___ stores genetic info. ___ is used to express genetic info.
DNA RNA
51
Types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA Via transcription, used for translation to proteins
52
Eukaryotic mRNA vs prokaryotic mRNA
Eukaryotic - 5' terminus contains a m7G-cap structure - 3' terminus contains a poly A tail (50-200 adenine residues) Prokaryotic - mRNAs don't have special terminal structures BOTH have 5' untranslated region and 3' untranslated region and a coding region
53
rRNA
Prokaryote - 3 distinct sizes (larger) Eukaryotes - 3 distinct sizes (smaller) Combine with proteins to make ribosomes Eukaryotic rRNA code for more proteins
54
rRNA 80s
S=size of rRNA given in units, stands for Svedberg Sedimentation value
55
Ribosome size between Eukaryotes/Prokaryotes
Pro- 70s ribosome, 60s (large) and 40s (small) subunits. Euk- 80s ribosome, 60s (large) and 40s (small) subunits
56
tRNA
Approximately 80 nucleotides Covalently linked to a specific AA At least one specific tRNA for each of the 20 AA Cloverleaf structure, similar to dsDNA Unusual bases, many modified bases, primarily methylated bases
57
Where does the AA attach to tRNA?
CCA-3' terminus end
58
How is tRNA similar to dsDNA?
Extensive intrachain base pairing
59
Which RNA is the only one that contains a T?
tRNA, single thymine has a methyl group on its ring structure
60
What is the anticodon loop?
On the tRNA, determines AA specifically by base pairing with mRNA during translation
61
hnRNA
Heterogenous nuclear RNA, also called pre-mRNA Represents mRNA in various stages of processing in the nucleus of eukaryotes
62
snRNA
Small nuclear RNA, only in the nucleus of eukaryotes Combine with certain proteins to form snRNPs, used for splicing hnRNA to form mRNA
63
RNAs that act as enzymes
Ribozymes
64
What is used for splicing hnRNA to form mRNA?
snRNA
65
What is pre-mRNA, and represents mRNA in various stages of processing in the nucleus of eukaryotes?
hnRNA

B3 Biochem (4 decks)

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