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Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

biopolymers made up of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester linkages

A

Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What are the two forms of Nucleic Acids?

A
  1. DNA (2-deoxyribonucleic acid)
  2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Nitrogenous Bases?

A
  • Flat
  • Basic
  • Aromatic Rings
  • Conjugated Double Bonds
  • Capable of H-Bonding
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3
Q

Free Base + Deoxyribose + Phosphate
Free Base + Deoxyribose + Phosphate

A

Nucleotide

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4
Q

Free Base + Deoxyribose
Free Base + Ribose

A

Nucleoside

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5
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Adenine (A)

A

deoxyadenosine

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6
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Guanine (G)

A

deoxyguanosine

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7
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Cytosine (C)

A

deoxycytidine

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8
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Thymine (T)

A

deoxythymidine

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9
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA

Adenine (A)

A

Adenosine

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10
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA

Cytosine (C)

A

cytidine

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10
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA

Guanine (G)

A

guanosine

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10
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA
Uracil (U)

A

Uridine

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11
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine (A)

A

deoxyadenylate

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12
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Guanine (G)

A

deoxyguanylate

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13
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Cytosine (C)

A

deoxycytidylate

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14
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Thymine (T)

A

deoxythymidylate

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15
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Adenine (A)

A

adenylate

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16
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Guanine (G)

A

guanylate

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16
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Cytosine (C)

A

cytidylate

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17
Q

ENUMERATION:

What are the regulatory molecules?

A
  • Adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP; cAMP)
  • Guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP; cGMP)
  • Guanosine 5’-diphosphate,3’-diphosphate (guanosine tetraposphate) (ppGpp)
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17
Q

What are the main features of DNA Primary Structure?

A
  • Alternating sugar-phosphate groups from the backbone
  • Bases (A,G,C,T) attached to sugars
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17
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Uracil (U)

A

uridylate

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18
Q

Bases are attached to the __________

A

1st carbon

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19
Q

In sugar-phosphate backbone, the phosphate group joins the ________?

A

3rd carbon of one to the 5th of another

20
Q

In DNA Sequence, the bases are written in the order from ______ to _______ - end

A

5’ to 3’-end

20
Q

In secondary structure, DNA is composed of 2 strands held together by ________ ________ between bases.

A

Hydrogen Bonding

21
Q

What are the characteristics of the Double Stranded DNA?

A
  • Antiparallel
  • Complementary
  • Double Helical Structure
22
Q

Highly folded arrangements of DNA and proteins

A

Chromosome

23
Q

each chromosome consists of two thin, rod-like structures of DNA

A

sister chromatids

24
Q

a constricted region of the chromosome consisting of intertwined DNA and proteins that join the two sister chromatids together

A

centromere

25
Q

consists of fibers containing proteins and DNA in approximately equal proportions (by mass),
along with a small amount of RNA

26
Q

proteins in which the DNA in the chromatin is very tightly associated

27
Q

process by which DNA molecules produce identical copies of themselves

A

DNA Replication

28
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA Replication?

A
  • Semiconservative
  • Bidirectional
  • Semidiscontinuous
29
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein

Opens duplex at specific sites in origin

A

DnaA Protein

30
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein

Stimulates initiation

A

HU (Histonelike protein)

31
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Unwinds double helix

A

Helicase (DnaB protein)

31
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Required for helicase binding

A

DnaC Protein

32
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Binds to single strand DNA

A

SSB (single-strand DNAbinding protein)

33
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Catalyzes synthesis of RNA primers

34
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Catalyzes chain elongation

A

DNA Polymerase III

35
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Excision of primers and filling of gaps

A

DNA Polymerase I

36
Q

DNA Replication: Guess the Protein
Catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation
between a 3’ hydroxyl end of one strand and
5’ phosphate end of another

A

DNA Ligase

37
Q

all DNA in an organism’s cell

38
Q

The study of genomes

38
Q

a worldwide effort to identify all human genes on each
chromosome, their locations and functions

A

Human Genome Project

38
Q

seals nicks

A

DNA Ligase

39
Q

ENUMERATION:

What are the steps in DNA Replication?

A
  1. Separation of the 2 DNA strands
  2. Formation of Replication Fork
  3. Binding of RNA Primer
  4. Chain Elongation
  5. Excision of RNA Primer & replacement by DNA
40
Q

relieves torsional strain from DNA unwinding

A

DNA Topoisomerase/DNA gyrase

41
Q

provides free 3’ OH group to which
deoxynucleotides are added

A

RNA primer

42
Q

-catalyzes synthesis of RNA primers

43
Q

What are the requirements in DNA Replication?

A
  • Template
  • Primer
  • Precursors
  • Proteins/Enzymes
43
Q

Why is there a need for primer?

A
  • DNA Polymerase can only extend a DNA strand
  • It cannot start making new strand
44
Q

provides free 3’-OH to which
dNTPs are added

45
Q

provides sequence information

46
Q

deoxynucleoside triphosphates
dNTPs

A

Precursors

47
Q

IDENTIFICATION: Characteristics of DNA Replication
Occurs in 2 opposite directions about the
origin of replication

A

Bidirectional

48
Q

IDENTIFICATION: Characteristics of DNA Replication
Each daughter duplex contains one strand from
the parent duplex

A

Semiconservative

49
Q

IDENTIFICATION: Characteristics of DNA Replication
new strand of DNA always synthesized in the 5’
to 3’ direction

A

semidiscontinuous

BIOCHEM (5 decks)

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