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BIO 105 LECT > NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

discovered nucleic acid in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells.

A

Friederich Miescher

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2
Q

Molecules responsible for such information

A

nucleic acids

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3
Q

A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

Two Types of Nucleic Acids:

A

DNA AND RNA

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5
Q

Found within cell nucleus
Storage and transfer of genetic information

A

DNA

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6
Q

Occurs in all parts of cell
Primary function is to synthesize the proteins

A

RNA

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7
Q

Polymers in which repeating unit is nucleotide

A

Nucleic Acids

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8
Q

A Nucleotide has three components:

A

Pentose Sugar
Phosphate Group
Heterocyclic Base

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9
Q

is present in RNA and 2-deoxyribose is present in DNA

A

Ribose

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10
Q

There are a total five bases (four of them in most of DNA and RNAs)

A

3 PYRIMIDINE
2 PURINE

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11
Q

Three pyrimidine derivatives

A

thymine (T), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)

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12
Q

Two purine derivatives

A

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

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13
Q

are found in both DNA and RNA.

A

Adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

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14
Q

found only in RNA

A

Uracil (U)

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15
Q

found only in DNA

A

Thymine (T)

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16
Q

third component of a nucleotide, is derived from phosphoric acid

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

Under cellular pH conditions, the phosphoric acid is fully dissociated to give a _____

A

a hydrogen phosphate ion

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18
Q

The nucleotide AMP is found in:

A

RNA MOLECULES

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19
Q

is a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil

A

A ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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20
Q

is a nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine.

A

A deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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21
Q

Structure: Sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA

A

Primary Structure

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22
Q

structure involves two polynucleotide chains coiled around each other in a helical fashion

A

The secondary structure

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23
Q

the sequence of bases on one polynucleotide is complementary to the other polynucleotide

A

DNA Sequence

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24
Q

are pairs of bases in a nucleic acid structure that can hydrogen-bond to each other.

A

Complementary bases

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25
Q

are strands of DNA in a double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base.

A

Complementary DNA strands

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26
Q

One small and one large base can fit inside the DNA strands

A

Base Pairing

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27
Q

are called complementary bases

A

A-T and G-C

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28
Q

Process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves

A

Replication

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29
Q

checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester linkages
The newly synthesized DNA has one new DNA strand and old DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase

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30
Q

Upon DNA replication the large DNA molecules interacts with _______ to fold long DNA molecules.

A

histone proteins

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31
Q

The histone–DNA complexes

A

chromosomes

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32
Q

are responsible for the formation of skin, hair, enzymes, hormones, and so on

A

Proteins

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33
Q

Protein synthesis can be divided into two phases.

A

TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION

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34
Q

– A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules

A

Transcription

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35
Q

a process in which mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

A

Translation

36
Q

What is the first phase of protein synthesis called?

A

Transcription

37
Q

The sugar unit in the backbone of RNA is

A

ribose

38
Q

The sugar unit in the backbone of DNA is

A

deoxyribose

39
Q

Formed directly by DNA transcription.

A

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

40
Q

Carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) from DNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

41
Q

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA.

A

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

42
Q

Combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

43
Q

he physical site for protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOMES

44
Q

Delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

45
Q

A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules

A

Transcription

46
Q

: A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule

A

GENE

47
Q

All of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism

A

Genome

48
Q

Human genome is about ________ genes

A

20,000–25,000 genes

49
Q

catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides one by one to form mRNA molecule

A

RNA polymerase

50
Q

Excision of introns and joining of exons

A

Splicing

51
Q

a gene segment that codes for genetic information

A

EXON

52
Q

– a DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message

A

INTRON

53
Q

A process by which several different protein variants are produced from a single gene

A

Alternative splicing

54
Q

All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome.

A

Transcriptome

55
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specifi c amino acid

A

CODON

56
Q

Based on all possible combination of bases A, G, C, U” there are ___ possible codes

A

64

57
Q

: The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)

A

GENETIC CODE

58
Q

___ of the 64 codons are termination codons (“stop” signals)

A

3

59
Q

groups of three bases on mRNA that code for specific amino acids

A

TRIPLET CODONS

60
Q

Codons that specify the same amino acid

A

SYNONYMS

61
Q
  • a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA molecule.
A

ANTICODON

62
Q

The loop opposite to the open end of tRNA is the site for a sequence of three bases

A

ANTICODON

63
Q

– a process in which mRNA codons are deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

A

TRANSLATION

64
Q

an rRNA–protein complex - serves as the site of protein synthesis

A

RIBOSOME

65
Q

: Adjacent to the P site in an mRNA–ribosome complex is A site (aminoacyl site) and the next tRNA with the appropriate anticodon binds to it.

A

ELONGATION

66
Q

: The polypeptide continues to grow via translocation until all necessary amino acids are in place and bonded to each other.

A

TERMINATION

67
Q

gives the protein the final form it needs to be fully functional

A

Post-translational processing

68
Q

complex of mRNA and several ribosomes

A

Polysome (polyribosome)

69
Q

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication

A

Mutation

70
Q

Mutations are caused by

A

mutagens

71
Q

is a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene

A

mutagen

72
Q

are two important types of mutagens

A

Radiation and chemical agents

73
Q

Most mutations are neutral or harmless. These are called

A

silent mutations

74
Q

Individuals suffering from down’s syndrome have ___ chromosomes

A

47

75
Q

DOWN’S SYNDROME IS TERMED AS

A

MONGOLISM

76
Q

Tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core

They can not reproduce outside their host cells (living organisms)

A

VIRUSES

77
Q

Inactive virus or bacterial envelope

Antibodies produced against inactive viral or bacterial envelopes will kill the active bacteria and viruses

A

VACCINES

78
Q

The study of biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a “foreign” gene to a host organism and produce the protein associated with the added gene

A

Genetic Engineering (Biotechnology)

79
Q

Transformed cell can reproduce a large number of identical cells

A

CLONES

80
Q

are the cells that have descended from a single cell and have identical DNA

A

CLONES

81
Q

First genetically engineered organisms

A

BACTERIA AND MICE

82
Q

What was the first important protein made by genetic engineering?

A

INSULIN

83
Q

is a method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence (gene).

A

PCR

84
Q

This method allows to produce billions of copies of a specific gene in a few hours.

A

PCR

85
Q

is a method by which the base sequence in a DNA molecule (or a portion of it) is determined.

DISCOVERED BY FREDRICK SANGER

A

DNA SEQUENCING

86
Q

are used to cleave the large DNA molecule into smaller fragment

A

Restriction enzymes

87
Q

What technique is used to produce small amounts of DNA found at a crime scene?

A

PCR

BIO 105 LECT (3 decks)

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