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Nucleic Acids Chap 5 > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Types of nucleic acids

A
  1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  2. ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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2
Q

Nearly all is found within the cell nucleus

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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3
Q

Its primary function is the storage and transfer of genetic information.

A

DNA

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4
Q

is passed from existing cells to new cells during cell division.

A

DNA

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5
Q

occurs in all parts of a cell.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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6
Q

It functions primarily in synthesis of proteins, the molecules that carry out
essential cellular functions.

A

RNA

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7
Q

Components of nucleic acids

A
  1. five-carbon (pentose) sugar
  2. phosphate
  3. four heterocyclic amines called nitrogenous bases.
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8
Q

Chemical Composition of Phosphate Group

A

PO43-

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9
Q

Chemical Composition of Sugars

A

2’-Deoxyribose (in DNA) - C5H10O4
Ribose (in RNA) - C5H10O5

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10
Q

Chemical Compositions in Bases

A

Purines (double ring)
Adenine (A) - C5H5N5
Guanine (G) - C5H5N5O

Pyrimidines (single ring)
Thymine (T) (in DNA) - C5H6N2O2
Cytosine (C) - C4H5N3O
Uracil (U) (in RNA) - C4H4N2O2

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11
Q

is an unbranched polymer containing monomer units called nucleotides.

A

nucleic acid

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12
Q

is a three-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base.

A

nucleotide

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13
Q

are produced by the combination of a sugar, either ribose (in RNA) or 2′-deoxyribose (in DNA), with a purine or a pyrimidine base.

A

Nucleosides

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14
Q

difference between the two sugars occurs at

A

carbon 2′

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15
Q

difference between the two sugars DNA and RNA

A

The —OH group present in ribose becomes an —H atom in 2′-deoxyribose.

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16
Q

The prefix deoxy- means

A

“without oxygen”

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17
Q

“pure silver” code

A

Purine A and G

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18
Q

6-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms

A

Pyrimidines

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19
Q

Uracil chemical name

A

2,4-dioxypyrimidine

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20
Q

Thymine chemical name (2)

A
  • 2,4-dioxy-5-methylpyrimidine
  • 5-methyluracil
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21
Q

Cytosine chemical name

A

2-oxy-4-aminopyrimidine

22
Q

6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring

A

Purines

23
Q

Adenine chemical name

A

6-aminopurine

24
Q

Guanine chemical name

A

2-amino-6-oxypurine

25
Q

nitrogen-containing heterocyclic bases

A
  1. Purines
  2. Pyrimidines
26
Q

example of derivative of purine

A

caffeine

27
Q

example of derivative of pyrimidine

A

Thiamine (Vit B)

28
Q

derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4

A

phosphate

29
Q

the phosphoric acid loses two of its hydrogen atoms to give a hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO4^2−) under what conditions?

A

Under cellular pH conditions

30
Q

Structural building block of ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate, highest to lowest

A
  1. Adenosine triphosphate
  2. Adenosine diphosphate
  3. Adenosine monophosphate
  4. Adenosine
31
Q

suffix for purine bases

A

-osine ex. adenosine, guanosine

32
Q

suffix for pyrimidine bases

A

-idine ex. cytidine, thymidine, uridine

33
Q

Nucleoside formation

A

sugar + base

34
Q

Nucleotide formation

A

nucleoside + phosphate

35
Q

Important characteristics of the process of nucleoside formation. State the first characteristic.

A

The base is always attached to C1′ of the sugar, which is always in a β-configuration. For purine bases, attachment is through N9; for pyrimidine bases, N1 is involved. The bond connecting the sugar and base is a β-N-glycosidic linkage

36
Q

Important characteristics of the process of nucleoside formation. State the second characteristic.

A

A molecule of water is formed as the two molecules bond together; a condensation reaction occurs.

37
Q

The prefix ________ is used to indicate that the sugar present is deoxyribose

A

deoxy-

38
Q

are nucleosides that have a phosphate group bonded to the pentose sugar present.

A

Nucleotides

39
Q

Important characteristics of the nucleotide formation process: first process

A
  1. The phosphate group is attached to the sugar at the C5′ position through a phosphoester linkage.
40
Q

Important characteristics of the nucleotide formation process: second characteristic

A
  1. As with nucleoside formation, a molecule of water is produced in nucleotide formation. Thus, overall, two molecules of water are produced in combining a sugar, base, and phosphate into a nucleotide.
41
Q

Nucleotide Primary structure

A

Base
l
Phosphate——Sugar

42
Q

Nucleic Acid Backbone

A

Phosphate
l
Sugar

43
Q

DNA Backbone

A

Phosphate
l
Deoxyribose

44
Q

RNA Backbone

A

Phosphate
l
Ribose

45
Q

Because the sugar–phosphate backbone of a given nucleic acid does not vary, the primary structure of the nucleic acid depends only on the sequence of bases present.

A

5′ T–G–C–A 3′

46
Q

Important points about the nucleic acid primary structure: 1.

A

Each nonterminal phosphate group of the sugarphosphate backbone is bonded to two sugar molecules through a 3′,5′- phosphodiester linkage.

47
Q

Important points about the nucleic acid primary structure: 2.

A

A nucleotide chain has directionality. (5’ end to the 3’ end or vice versa)

48
Q

Important points about the nucleic acid primary structure: 3.

A

Each nonterminal phosphate group in the backbone of a nucleic acid carries a 1– charge. The remaining –OH group is free to exhibit acidic behavior—that is, to produce an H+ ion.

49
Q

Three parallels between protein and nucleic acid primary structure: 1.

A
  1. DNAs, RNAs, and proteins all have backbones that do not vary in structure.
50
Q

Three parallels between protein and nucleic acid primary structure: 2.

A

The sequence of attachments to the backbones (nitrogen bases in nucleic acids and amino acid R groups in proteins) distinguishes one DNA from another, one RNA from another, and one protein from another.

51
Q

Three parallels between protein and nucleic acid primary structure: 3,

A

Both nucleic acid polymer chains and protein polymer chains have directionality; for nucleic acids, there is a 5′ end and a 3′ end, and for proteins, there is an N-terminal end and a Cterminal end.

Nucleic Acids Chap 5 (1 decks)

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