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A-Level Biology (Biological Molecules) > Nucleic Acids - 13/11/23 > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids - 13/11/23 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
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2
Q

What do DNA and RNA both carry?

A

Information

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3
Q

Where is DNA and RNA found?

A

In all living cells

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4
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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5
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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6
Q

What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

What is a mononucleotide?

A

Only one nucleotide

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8
Q

What is a Nucleotide made of?

A
  • A phosphate group
  • A nitrogen containing organic base
  • A pentose sugar (5 carbon atom)
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9
Q

In DNA, what is the sugar making it up?

A

Deoxyribose

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10
Q

In RNA, what is the sugar making it up?

A

Ribose

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11
Q

What do the pentose, organic base and phosphate group join together by?

A

Condensation reaction

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12
Q

What is the polymer of nucleotides?

A

DNA/RNA (polynucleotides)

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13
Q

How does a polynucleotide structure occur? [3]

A
  • Nucleotides join by condensation reaction
  • Between deoxyribose sugar at one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another
  • This continues bonding
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14
Q

What is the bond between a polynucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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15
Q

What is the chain of phosphate and sugars known as?

A

The sugar-phosphate backbone

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16
Q

How many bases are there?

A

5

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17
Q

What are the two groups the bases are split into?

A
  • Purine bases
  • Pyrimidine bases
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18
Q

What does A Base stand for?

A

Adenine

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19
Q

What does G Base stand for?

A

Guanine

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20
Q

What does T Base stand for?

A

Thymine

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21
Q

What does C Base stand for?

A

Cytosine

22
Q

What does U Base stand for?

A

Uracil

23
Q

What bases are grouped in Purine Bases?

A
  • adenine (A)
  • guanine (G)
24
Q

What bases are in Pyrimidine Bases?

A
  • Thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
25
Q

What bases does DNA contain?

A
  • A
  • G
  • T
  • C
26
Q

What bases does RNA contain?

A
  • G
  • C
  • U
  • A
27
Q

What is the bond present between two polynucleotide strands? Where is this bond?

A

Hydrogen bond between bases

28
Q

What is the complementary base pairing?

A
  • A-T
  • G-C
29
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds are there between A-T?

A

2

30
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds are there between C-G?

A

3

31
Q

What does RNA do?

A

RNA transfer genetic info from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis

32
Q

What is the Structure of RNA? (Include components) [5]

A
  • Ribose sugar (still pentose)
  • Phosphate group
  • One of the nitrogen containing bases A, C, G, U
  • Nucleotides form a single polynucleotide strand
  • RNA strands are much shorter than most DNA polynucleotides (single, short chain)
33
Q

What are the three types of RNA molecules?

A
  • mRNA (messenger RNA)
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
  • tRNA (transfer RNA)
34
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Transfers genetic info from DNA to ribosomes

35
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A
  • rRNA
  • proteins
36
Q

What is the Structure of DNA? Include components. [6]

A
  • DNA Nucleotide is made from phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose (pentose sugar)
  • A nitrogen containing organic base - A, T, C, G
  • Double Helix Structure
  • 2 seperate polynucleotide strands form a spiral - antiparallel
  • They’re joined together by Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
37
Q

How can genetic information fit into a small space in cell nucleus?

A

Because DNA molecules are long and coiled up tightly

38
Q

What does Antiparallel mean?

A
  • The two DNA strands run in opposite directions
39
Q

What do two antiparallel strands twist to form?

A

A DNA double helix

40
Q

What is the differences between DNA and RNA? [8]

A
  1. DNA - Double stranded, twsited into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds
  2. RNA - Single stranded
  3. DNA - Deoxyribose Sugar
  4. RNA - Ribose Sugar
  5. DNA Base - A, T, G, C
  6. RNA Base - A, U, G, C
  7. DNA Size - Long
  8. RNA Size - Short
41
Q

How is DNA stable? [4]

A
  • Phosphodiester backbone protects more chemically reactive organic bases inside double helix
  • Hydrogen bonds link organic bases forming bridges
  • There are three H-bonds between G-C, rather than two for A-T
  • A higher proportion of C-G pairings make DNA more stable
42
Q

What is function of DNA?

A

Hold genetic information

43
Q

In every DNA molecule which components remain same?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose
44
Q

In eukaryotic cells, how is DNA packaged?

A

They’re packaged as chromosomes inside the nucleus

45
Q

How is 2m of DNA put in a cell?

A

It’s tightly coiled and folded

46
Q

What is Eukaryotic DNA associated with?

A

Histones

47
Q

What is making up Histones?

A

Protein

48
Q

What can histones form in a nucleus?

A

Chromatin - the substance from which chromosmes can be made

49
Q

In prokaryotic cells, what is DNA like?

A

It’s loose in cytoplasm

50
Q

Use your knowledge of enzyme action to explain why new jnucleotides can only be added in a 5’ to 3’ direction.
[4]

A
  1. DNA is antiparallel
  2. shape of nucleotide is different
  3. enzyme has active sites with specific shape
  4. only substrates with complementray shape

A-Level Biology (Biological Molecules) (5 decks)

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