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Biology 181 Module 1 > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

Phospholipids

A

Building blocks of membranes

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2
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A

Bonds that connect 6 carbon sugar rings together

Hydrolosis reaction when it forms

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3
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

H2O molecule released

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4
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic

Share property, not repeating simple structure

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5
Q

Steriods

A

Ring Structures

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6
Q

Phospholipds

A

Building blocks of membrane

Have a polar section: hydrophillic head

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7
Q

Miller

A

Created environment similar to assumed Earth;s early atmosphere (water vapor, methane, ammonia, hydrogen).
Passed into chamber where electrode created spark.
This produced 8-10 amino acids
You can synthesize parts of macromolecules
We have found more now (Like 20 precursor molecules in original flasks)

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8
Q

Griffith’s Experiment

A

2 types of bacteria (virulent and non virulent) virulent mice developed ammonia, nonvirulent (like other, but with mutation) were fine.
Killed virulent and injected it, did not kill
Killed virulent and nonvirulent strains together killed mice.
Molecule transmission must occur

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9
Q

Averym Mecleod, McCarty’s experiments

A

Virulent bacteria, killed it, add it to non virulent.
They transform into virulent
Killed & RNase (kills RNA): virulent & nonvirulent: RNA not molecule
Killed & proteinase (kills protein): virulent and non virulant, cant be protein
Killed and DNase (kills DNA): just non virulent: Has to be DNA!

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10
Q

Purines

A

Two connected rings
Adenine
Guanine

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11
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Single ring

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12
Q

Nucleotide

A

Sugar + base + phosphate

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13
Q

Nucleoside

A

Sugar + base

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14
Q

3’

A

3 carbon: attached to hydroxyl group

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15
Q

5’

A

5 carbon: attached to phosphate

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16
Q

Synthesized

A

5’ to 3’ always

17
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A 
C-O-P-O-C
Link nucleotides forming the backbone
3' and 5' carbon interact
Highly electroneg O on phosphate group (5') attacks OH group.
Condensation reaction
18
Q

Major and Minor grooves

A

In DNA, ♣ Both allow interactions that bind to proteins?

19
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

♣ %A=%T

♣ %G=%C

20
Q

A-T

A

2 hydrogen bonds

21
Q

G-C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

22
Q

Histones

A

Proteins around which DNA is wound
Rich in pos charged A.A.s (DNA has slight negatives) (lysine and arginine)
Not used in prokaryotes

23
Q

Human Genome

A

3X20^9 nucleotides long

24
Q

Chromatin

A

When histones are packed with DNA (nucleosomes/histones)

Wrapping can be tight or loose (looser during translation)

25
Q

Nucleosome

A

4 histone proteins that occur as an 8 protein complex (4 in pairs, 2 of each histone molecule type).
DNA is wrapped twice around each nucleosome

26
Q

DNA vs. RNA

A

DNA: double helix, deoxyribose, 5’ end is MONOphospate, very large

RNA: single helix, ribose, 5’ end TRIphosphate, smaller

27
Q

POL2

A

RNA polymerase: the enzyme responsible for transcription.

28
Q

TATA box

A

downstream in 3’ direction during transcription. Lets know what is about 20 downstream

29
Q

Housekeeping Genes

A

A few genes that are constantly transcribed. Needed constantly in cell

30
Q

Eukaryotic Promoter Recognition

A

Recruits POL2

Makes conformation change in DNA and then its off

31
Q

POL2 in eukaryores

A 
Unwinds DNA on one side
Interacts with 20 nucleotides, 8 RNA/DNA duplex
Zipps DNA up at the end
Base pairing
Addint a new one and cleaving
32
Q

POL2 in Prokaryotes

A

DNA transcribed is out one end, untranscribed out other.

Primary transcript: Ribosomes interact with mRNA right away, made right into protein

33
Q

Polycistonic

A

Prokaryotes. there are lots of genes on lots mRNA

Ribosomes come and can make proteins from this.

34
Q

Monocistronic

A

1 mRNA with a gene on it

35
Q

mRNA processing in eukaryotes

A

there are enzymes in the cell that want to chew up RNA (b/c of threat of viral mRNA), so it needs to distinguish its own RNA
Does this by adding 5’ cap to Poly a tail
There is NOT a 1:1 relationship between mRNA and proteins. You can get more than one protien from and mRNA

Biology 181 Module 1 (2 decks)

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