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biology > Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleic acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are nucleotides

A

nucleotides are monomers consisting of three molecules:

  1. a pentose sugar
  2. nitrogenous base
  3. phosphate group
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2
Q

What type of reaction forms a nucleotide

A

condensation reaction

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3
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

double helix made up of two polynucleotide strands

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6
Q

What type of bond is formed between bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What is the relationship between the polynucleotide strands of one DNA molecule

A
  1. The polynucleotide strands are anti-parallel
  2. one strand runs from 3’ to 5’
  3. the other strand runs from 5’ to 3’
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8
Q

what does 3’ or 5’ mean

A

(3 prime or 5 prime)
5’ means carbon 5 is available for a phosphate to bind
3’ means carbon 3 is available for a phosphate to bind

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9
Q

where is DNA stored

A

nucleus

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10
Q

what structures are formed from DNA

A

chromosomes

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11
Q

what are the four bases (DNA)

A

GCAT

guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine

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12
Q

What 5 elements make up DNA

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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13
Q

what does Adenine pair with (DNA)

A

Thymine

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14
Q

what does Thymine pair with (DNA)

A

Adenine

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15
Q

what does cytosine pair with

A

Guanine

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16
Q

what does Guanine pair with

A

Cytosine

17
Q

what does Adenine pair with (RNA)

A

Uracil

18
Q

What are the four bases (RNA)

A

guanine, cytosine, adenine, Uracil

19
Q

Why do the bases only pair with specific bases

A

they are complimentary in size and shape

20
Q

What type of bond is between A and T

A

Hydrogen double bond

21
Q

What type of bond is between G and C

A

Hydrogen triple bond

22
Q

What type of bonds are between nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester bonds

23
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of (DNA)

what shapes represents them

A
  1. Phosphate group (circle)
  2. Deoxyribose sugar (pentagon)
  3. Nitrogenous base (rectangle)
24
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of (RNA)

what shapes represent them

A
  1. Phosphate group (circle)
  2. Ribose sugar (pentagon)
  3. Nitrogenous base (rectangle)
25
Q

explain the condensed structures of DNA

Double helix - chromosome

A
  1. Double helix
  2. nucleosomes, double helix wraps around histone
  3. nucleosomes condense to form unwound chromatin
  4. unwound chromatin winds to form condensed chromatin
  5. condensed chromatin condenses more and forms a single chromosome
26
Q

What are the 4 differences between RNA & DNA

A
  1. RNA is a single stranded poly nucleotide whereas DNA is double stranded
  2. Thymine is replaced by Uracil
    RNA (GCAU) DNA (GCAT)
  3. RNA is ribose sugar, DNA is deoxyribose sugar
  4. RNA has a much shorter strand than DNA
27
Q

REMEMBER:

DNA can bind with RNA

A

DNA can bind with RNA

28
Q

What stage does DNA replication occur at

A

Interphase

29
Q

Describe the first stage of DNA replication

A

The DNA double helix is ready to be replicated. The DNA strand unwinds ONLY in the section that needs to be replicated

30
Q

Describe the second stage of DNA replication

A

The enzyme DNA helicase causes the two strands of DNA to separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases. DNA helicase runs from 3’ t 5’ as the active site is complimentary to 3’

31
Q

Describe the third stage of DNA replication

A

Free floating nucleotides are attracted to their complimentary bases, hydrogen bonds between them form naturally. The enzyme DNA polymerase creates the phosphodiester bonds in the backbone (condensation reaction)

32
Q

Describe the fourth stage of DNA replication

A

The two identical strands of DNA are formed. In each helix one strand is an original strand and one is a new strand.

33
Q

what is the model for DNA replication called

A

semi-conservative replication

34
Q

what is the structure of ATP

A

Adenine - a nitrogen containing base
Ribose
phosphates

35
Q

what is ATP used in

A 
metabolic processes
movement
active transport
secretion
activation of molecules
36
Q

What causes water molecules to stick together

A

hydrogen bonds between the positive poles on one water molecule and the negative charges on another (as water is dipolar due to the pos charge on the hydrgoen and the neg charge on oxygen)

37
Q

what is water needed for

A
  • as a solvent, dissolves other substances

- metabolism, used to break down substances in hydrolysis

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