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Nucleic Acid (Biochem) > Nucleic Acid Part 1 > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered nucleic acid and how in short

A

In1869, Friedrich Miescher, a 24 year old Swiss physician discovered nucleic acid

While examining pus (white blood cell) he noticed that after treating the cells with an alkaline solution to break down proteins, he centrifuged the mixture and observed a strange, gel-like substance settling at the bottom which he called “nuclein,” since present in nucleus

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2
Q

Which fish was used in study of nucleic acid and why

A

The fish used in the study of nucleic acid was the Salmon specifically, salmon sperm

Why Salmon Sperm?
The salmon sperm contains a high concentration of DNA, making it an ideal source for isolation and study.

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3
Q

Timeline in history in regards of nucleic acid

A

Here’s a comprehensive timeline incorporating the key events and milestones:

1869
- Friedrich Miescher discovers nucleic acids.

1910
research begin in salmon sperm for nucleic acids.

1944
- Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty demonstrate DNA’s role in genetic inheritance.

1953
- James Watson and Francis Crick describe DNA’s double helix structure.

1968
- Robert Holley determines the first complete nucleotide sequence.

1989
- Human Genome Project (HGP) launched.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) commercialized.
- First gene therapy trial conducted.

2003
- Human Genome Project completed.

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4
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are macromolecules present in all living cells.

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5
Q

What are nucleoproteins?

A

Nucleic acids are present in combination with proteins, forming nucleoproteins.

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6
Q

What do nucleic acids encode?

A

Nucleic acids are encoded with genetic information.

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7
Q

How does a cell interpret genetic information?

A

The cell interprets this information as sequences of amino acids in protein and peptide molecules.

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8
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleic acids are polymers of a specific sequence of subunits or monomers called nucleotides (polynucleotides).

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9
Q

What are the two main categories of nucleic acids?

A

The two main categories are Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

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10
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

DNA is present in nuclei and small amounts in mitochondria.

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11
Q

Where is RNA predominantly found?

A

RNA is present 90% in cell cytoplasm and 10% in nucleolus.

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12
Q

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A

Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

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13
Q

What are the purines in nucleotides?

A

The purines are Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

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14
Q

What are the pyrimidines in nucleotides?

A

The pyrimidines are Cytosine (C), Uracil (U), and Thymine (T).

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15
Q

What are nucleosides?

A

Nucleosides are composed of ribose or deoxyribose bonded to a nitrogenous base via a glycosidic bond.

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16
Q

What is a ribonucleoside?

A

A ribonucleoside contains ribose (R = OH) and a nitrogenous base, such as cytidine.

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17
Q

What are the predominant forms of ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose predominantly exist in their cyclic forms.

18
Q

What are nucleosides composed of?

A

Nucleosides = ribose/deoxyribose + bases

19
Q

Where are bases attached in a nucleoside?

A

The bases are covalently attached to the 1’ position of a pentose sugar ring.

20
Q

What is the bond that connects the base to the sugar in a nucleoside?

A

Glycosidic bond

21
Q

What are the types of sugars found in nucleosides?

A

Ribose or 2’-deoxyribose

22
Q

Name some examples of nucleosides.

A

Adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, uridine

23
Q

What are the four nucleosides mentioned?

A
  • Adenosine
  • Guanosine
  • Cytidine
  • Thymidine
  • Uridine

These nucleosides are the building blocks of nucleotides.

24
Q

Where is the phosphate group attached in a nucleotide?

A

5’-carbon of pentose sugar

This attachment is crucial for forming nucleotides.

25
Q

What results from the attachment of an additional phosphate group to a mononucleotide?

A

A dinucleotide (ADP) or trinucleotide (ATP)

This process is essential for energy transfer in cells.

26
Q

What is the structure formed by adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate?

A

cAMP

cAMP is an important secondary messenger in cellular signaling.

27
Q

What is the structure formed by guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate?

A

cGMP

cGMP also acts as a secondary messenger in various biological processes.

28
Q

What are the two main types of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids?

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

Purines include Adenine and Guanine; Pyrimidines include Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.

29
Q

Name the purines found in nucleic acids.

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine

These bases are essential components of nucleic acids.

30
Q

Name the pyrimidines found in nucleic acids.

A
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil

Uracil is found in RNA, while Thymine is found in DNA.

31
Q

True or False: DNA and RNA are both types of nucleic acids.

A

True

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid) serve different roles in genetics.

32
Q
  1. True or False: Nucleic acids are only present in cell nuclei.
  2. True or False: RNA is primarily found in the cell nucleus.
  3. True or False: DNA and RNA are composed of the same nucleotides.
  4. True or False: Nucleic acids are macromolecules present in all living cells.
  5. True or False: DNA is primarily located in the cell cytoplasm.
  6. True or False: Nucleic acids combine with proteins to form nucleoproteins.
  7. True or False: RNA is 100% located in the cell nucleus.
  8. True or False: DNA is present in both nuclei and mitochondria.
  9. True or False: Nucleic acids encode genetic information.
  10. True or False: RNA is only found in the nucleolus.
A

Here are the answers:

  1. False
  2. False
  3. False
  4. True
  5. False
  6. True
  7. False
  8. True
  9. True
  10. False
33
Q
  1. Nucleic acids are macromolecules present in all _______________________ cells.
  2. Nucleic acids combine with proteins to form _______________________.
  3. The two main categories of nucleic acids are _______________________ and _______________________.
  4. DNA is primarily located in the cell _______________________ and mitochondria.
  5. RNA is _______________________ percent in cell cytoplasm and _______________________ percent in nucleolus.
  6. Nucleic acids encode genetic information that is translated into sequences of _______________________.
  7. Nucleic acids are composed of polymers of a specific sequence of subunits called _______________________.
  8. DNA stands for _______________________.
  9. RNA stands for _______________________.
  10. Nucleic acids are essential for the storage and transmission of _______________________.
A

Here are the answers:

  1. living
  2. nucleoproteins
  3. DNA, RNA
  4. nuclei
  5. 90, 10
  6. amino acids
  7. nucleotides
  8. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
  9. Ribonucleic Acid
  10. genetic information
34
Q
  1. Purine bases
    a) Cytosine, Uracil
    b) Adenine, Guanine
    c) Thymine, Adenine
  2. Location of 90% of RNA
    a) Nucleolus
    b) Cell cytoplasm
    c) Nuclei
  3. Type of nucleic acid in mitochondria
    a) RNA
    b) DNA
    c) Both
  4. Components of nucleotides
    a) Amino acids, carbohydrates
    b) Nitrogen-containing base, pentose sugar, phosphates
    c) Fatty acids, proteins
  5. Function of nucleic acids
    a) Energy production
    b) Genetic information encoding
    c) Cell signaling
  6. Location of DNA
    a) Cell cytoplasm, nucleolus
    b) Nuclei, mitochondria
    c) Cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum
  7. Pyrimidine bases in DNA
    a) Cytosine, Uracil
    b) Cytosine, Thymine
    c) Adenine, Guanine
  8. Nucleoprotein components
    a) Proteins, carbohydrates
    b) Proteins, nucleic acids
    c) Lipids, nucleic acids
A
  1. b) Adenine, Guanine
  2. b) Cell cytoplasm
  3. b) DNA
  4. b) Nitrogen-containing base, pentose sugar, phosphates
  5. b) Genetic information encoding
  6. b) Nuclei, mitochondria
  7. b) Cytosine, Thymine
  8. b) Proteins, nucleic acids
35
Q

What type of bond links nucleotides in nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds.

36
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids and
What are the three components of nucleotides?

A

The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.

Nucleotides consist of three components: a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar, and phosphates.

37
Q

What pyrimidine base is unique to DNA?

A

Thymine is the pyrimidine base unique to DNA.

38
Q

What proteins combine with nucleic acids to form nucleoproteins?

A

Nucleoproteins are formed by the combination of nucleic acids and proteins like protamines and histones.

39
Q

Where is DNA primarily located?

What percentage of RNA is found in the cell cytoplasm?

A

DNA is primarily located in the nuclei and mitochondria.

Approximately 90% of RNA is found in the cell cytoplasm.

40
Q

What are purine bases?

A

Adenine and guanine are purine bases.
(Two ring structures)

41
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

What is the difference between nucleoside and nucleotide?

A

The primary function of nucleic acids is genetic information encoding.

A nucleoside differs from a nucleotide in that it lacks a phosphate group.

Nucleic Acid (Biochem) (2 decks)

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