Nuclear physics and basic principles

Question 1

How many electrons are found in each electron shell?

Answer 1

Question 2

What is the valence shell?

Answer 2

Question 3

What is transition energy?

Answer 3

Question 4

How is energy released following movement of electrons between valence shells?

Answer 4

Question 5

Define ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER, and describe how they are represented on the periodic table!

Answer 5

Question 6

What are the two main nuclear forces?

Answer 6

Question 7

Detail types of radiation on radioactive decay chart

Answer 7

REMEMBER ELECTRON CAPTURE TOO!

Question 8

Describe how decay charts work

Answer 8

Question 9

Define ISOTOPE, ISOTONE, ISOBAR, AND ISOMER

Answer 9

Question 10

Detail NEGATRON DECAY

Answer 10

Question 11

Detail POSITRON DECAY (Remember PET!)

Answer 11

Question 12

Detail ALPHA DECAY

Answer 12

Question 13

Detail ELECTRON CAPTURE

Answer 13

Question 14

Detail ISOMERIC TRANSITION, and most pertinent clinical example

Answer 14

Question 15

Define radioACTIVITY, including unit (also called specific activity!)

Answer 15

Question 16

What is the decay constant? How does it relate to activity?

Answer 16

Question 17

Define physical half-life, and how it relates to the DECAY CONSTANT

Answer 17

Question 18

Define BIOLOGICAL half-life

Answer 18

Question 19

Define EFFECTIVE half life. HOW IS IT CALCULATED?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is average half life?

Answer 20

Question 21

Define specific activity

Answer 21

Question 22

Describe excitation vs ionisation

Answer 22

Question 23

What is LET?

Answer 23

Question 24

Describe features of EM radiation, including EM spectrum

Answer 24

Question 25

Describe features of particulate radiation

Answer 25

Question 26

What calculations are required to calculate photon energy?

Answer 26

Question 27

Compare and contrast production of gamma rays and x rays

Answer 27

Question 28

Detail how different particulate radiations interact

Answer 28

Question 29

Detail Brehmsstrahlung radiation

Answer 29

Question 30

What happens to positrons??

Answer 30

Question 31

Detail possible NEUTRON interactions

Answer 31

Question 32

Describe photoelectric effect

Answer 32

Question 33

Describe relationship between PE effect and compton in diagnostic radiology energy ranges

Answer 33

Question 34

Describe compton scatter

Answer 34

Question 35

Describe pair production

Answer 35

Question 36

Describe photodisintegration

Answer 36

Question 37

Detail absorption - indicate which processes result in this

Answer 37

Question 38

Detail different types of scattering

Answer 38

Question 39

What does transmission of photons refer to?

Answer 39

Question 40

Detail attenuation, and specifically LAC and MAC

Answer 40

Question 41

Detail relationship between, and units of, EXPOSURE, ABSORBED DOSE, EQUIVALENT DOSE, EFFECTIVE DOSE, and WEIGHTING FACTOR

Answer 41

Question 42

What is the decay equation? REMEMBER THIS, unlikely to need to calculate…

Answer 42

Question 43

What is the basic mechanism of x-ray produciton?

Answer 43

Question 44

Detail the relationship between wavelength, frequency, speed and ENERGY of photons. What is the short hand conversion? What units? AND WHAT IS PLANCKS CONSTANT?

Answer 44

Question 45

Complete the table

Answer 45

Question 46

What is the relationship between xray wavelength and energy?

Answer 46

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

Question 47

What is the approximate wavelength and energy of diagnostic xrays?

Answer 47

Question 48

What is the Z of tungsten? Why is this important?

Answer 48

74!!!!

Question 49

Characteristic xrays from which shell contribute to xray formation?

Answer 49

K SHELL ONLY, rest not energetic enough to contribute to leave target

Binding energy = 69.5KeV -> see xray peak at this energy level

Question 50

Detail the processes contributing to xray production

Answer 50

Question 51

Define Xray QUALITY and QUANTITY

Answer 51

Question 52

What is the calculation for HVL?

Answer 52

Question 53

Detail effect of radiation on film emulsion

Answer 53

Question 54

Define fluorescence and phosphoresence - why are they important in imaging?

Answer 54

Question 55

Calculate the exposure at 2m and 3m for the below scenario, using the inverse square law equation

Answer 55

Question 56

Solve the two problems below (relating to mAs changes due to inverse square law)

Answer 56

Question 57

Detail relative penetration of different types of radiation

Answer 57

Question 58

List 3 factors that contribute to SCATTER production

Answer 58

Question 59

Detail HVL

Answer 59

Question 60

Define LAC and MAC

Answer 60

Question 61

Detail the cell cycle

Answer 61

Question 62

Describe radiosensitivity of the cell cycle

Answer 62

Question 63

Detail acute vs late effects of radiation sensitive tissues

Answer 63

Question 64

Explain how radiation induces injury / cell death

Answer 64

Question 65

Detail 8 ways radiation can affect the cell

Answer 65

Question 66

Detail direct and indirect actions of radiation, and the potential effects on DNA

Answer 66

Question 67

Compare and contrast mitotic and apoptotic cell death

Answer 67

Question 68

Detail different categories of cell damage

Answer 68