Nuclear Physics Flashcards
Activity
The rate of decay of the radioactive nuclei in a given isotope, proportional to the total number of nuclei in the sample, measured in Becquerels.
Alpha Decay
The emission of an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons) from an unstable nucleus to make it more stable. Alpha radiation is strongly ionising and is stopped by a few centimetres of air or a sheet of paper.
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
A unit used to express atomic masses. One AMU is equal to one twelfth of the mass of a carbon atom.
Background Radiation
Radiation found in small quantities all around us, originating from natural sources such as rocks and cosmic rays, as well as man-made sources like nuclear accidents and medical sources.
Beta Decay
The emission of a beta particle when a proton turns into a neutron (or vice versa) in an unstable nucleus. Beta minus radiation is weakly ionising, while beta plus radiation is immediately annihilated by electrons.
Binding Energy
The amount of energy required to split a nucleus into all its separate constituent nucleons, equivalent to the mass defect.
Chain Reaction
The process of neutrons released by a fission reaction inducing further fissile nuclei to undergo fission.
Closest Approach
A method of estimating a nuclear radius by firing an alpha particle at it, calculating the distance at which the alpha particle’s kinetic energy is converted to electric potential energy.
Contamination
The introduction of radioactive material to another object, making the object radioactive.
Control Rods
Rods found in nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons and control the rate of reaction. They can be raised or lowered depending on the rate required.
Coolant
A substance that passes through nuclear reactors and is responsible for removing heat from the core, which is then used to generate energy.
Critical Mass
The smallest mass of fissile material required in a fission reactor for a chain reaction to be sustained
Electron Capture
A process that occurs in proton-heavy nuclei, in which an electron is drawn into the nucleus, causing a proton to transition into a neutron. An electron neutrino is also produced
Fission
The splitting a nucleus, to form two smaller daughter nuclei, neutrons and energy
Fusion
The joining of two smaller nuclei to form a larger nucleus and to release energy
Gamma Decay
The emission of gamma rays from an unstable nucleus that has too much energy. Gamma radiation is only very weakly ionising but requires several centimetres of lead to be stopped
Half-Life
The average time it takes for the number of radioactive nuclei in a sample to halve
Inverse Square-Law
A law that governs the intensity of gamma radiation. It means that the intensity of radiation at any point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from its source
Irradiation
The exposure of an object to radiation. The exposed object does not become radioactive.
Mass Defect
The difference in mass between a nucleus and the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons
Moderator
A material in nuclear reactors that absorbs energy from fast moving
neutrons, to slow them down to speeds that can be absorbed by fissile neutrons to
induce fission
Radioactive Dating
The use of radioactive isotopes with known half-lives to date objects. The isotope that is usually used is Carbon-14
Radioactive Waste
The waste produced from the products of fission reactions. Since the waste is unstable and radioactive, it must be stored and handled carefully
Random Nature of Radioactive Decay
Radioactive decay is random - you
cannot predict when a nucleus will decay or which nucleus will decay next.
Rutherford Scattering
An experiment involving firing alpha particles at a thin gold foil and observing their deflections. It showed the existence and nature of the nucleus
