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nuclear Flashcards

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1
Q

what was observed in the Rutherford alpha scattering experiment

A

most of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil
and very few particles were deflected by angles larger than 90 degrees

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2
Q

what did most of the alpha particles passing through the foil indicate

A

nucleus is mostly empty space with most of the mass concentrated in a small region

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3
Q

what does the angles being reflected more than 90 degrees indicate

A

the nucleus has a positive charge which was repelling the alpha particles

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

how do estimate the size of the nucleus

A

equate the initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle to the electrical potential energy

r=Qq/4πƐ0(KE)

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6
Q

what is the equation for electrical potential energy

A

Qq/4πƐ0r

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7
Q

what does A. stand for next to chemical element

A

the nucleon number number of protons and nuetrons

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8
Q

what does z stand for

A

the proton number the number of protons

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9
Q

what is the equation for nuclear size

A

R = r0A^1/3
where R is the radius
r0 is a constant
and A is A is the nucleon number

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10
Q

how do you work out the density of the nucleus

A

d=m/v
d=m/(4/3)πR^3
d=m/(4/3)π(r0A^1/3)^3
d=m/(4/3)π(r0A)

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11
Q

why is the nuclear density independent of the nucleon number

A

mass =kA
and so A cancels out in d=kA/(4/3)π(r0A)

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12
Q

what is true about the strong nuclear force

A

acts on all nucleons
short ranged force
attractive up to 3fm
and repulsive believe 0.3 fm

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13
Q

what does every particle have

A

every particle has a corresponding antiparticle

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14
Q

what is true about antiparticles and corresponding particles

A

have the same rest mass
and opposite charge

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15
Q

what does the gravitational force act on

A

all objects with mass

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16
Q

what does the electromagnetic force act on

A

all particles with charge

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17
Q

what is the weak nuclear force responsible for

A

beta plus and beta minus

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18
Q

what force are hadrons affected by

A

the strong nuclear force

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19
Q

what force are leptons not affected by

A

strong nuclear force

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20
Q

what is the activity of a radioactive source

A

the rate of decay of. radioactive source

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21
Q

unit for activity

A

Bq becquerel

22
Q

equation for activity

A

A=ΔN/Δt

23
Q

what is the decay constant

A

probability of decay of a single nucleus

24
Q

what are the units of decay constant

A

s^-1

25
Q

what is the equation of activity involving the decay constant

A

A=λN

26
Q

what happens to activity and the number of particles against time

A

decay exponentially against time

27
Q

write the exponential equations of activity and number of particles

A

A=A0e^-λt
N=N0e^-λt

28
Q

what is Δm equal to

A

Δm=mfinal - m initial

28
Q

what is Einsteins famous energy equation

A

E=Δmc²

29
Q

what is binding energy

A

energy require to completely separate a nucleus into its constituents

30
Q

what is the mass defect

A

the difference between the mass of a completely separated nucleus and the nucleus itself

31
Q

what is the binding energy per nucleon

A

minimum energy required to remove a nucleon from the nucleus

32
Q

how do you work out the binding energy per nucleon

A

use E=Δmc²
where m is the mass defect
and then divide the energy by the number of nucleons

33
Q

what is nuclear fusion

A

when two lighter nuclei combine to produce a heavy nucleus

34
Q

what is nuclear fission

A

when a heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei

35
Q

for the binding energy per nucleon graph against nucleon number what is the most stable element

A

iron 56

36
Q

for the binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number what is true about elements to the right of iron 56

A

there’s fission taking place

37
Q

for the binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number what is true about elements to the left of iron 56

A

there’s fusion taking place

38
Q

what happens in a induce nuclear fission chain reaction

A

a single thermal neutron is absorbed by a nucleus creating a heavier unstable nucleus which undergoes fission and its split into two nuclei and more nuetrons

39
Q

what do fuel rods

A

contain uranium fuel

40
Q

what do control rods

A

absorb some of the neutrons to condo the rate of the nuclear reaction

41
Q

what does the moderator o

A

slows down the fast moving neutrons to create thermal neutrons

42
Q

what do you need for nuclear fusion to take place

A

high temperature and high pressure for the nuclei to overcome the electrostatic repulsion

43
Q

what Is carbon dating used for

A

used to estimate the age of dead living organisms

44
Q

out of carbon 12 and carbon 14 which is radioactive

A

carbon 12 stable carbon 14 radioactive

45
Q

how is carbon 14 produced

A

continuously produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays

46
Q

what happens once a living organism dies

A

it stops absorbing carbon and so the carbon 14 continues to decay

46
Q

what is true about the ratio of carbon 12 to carbon 14 in all living things

A

it is constant

47
Q

what is the half life equation

A

t(1/2)=ln2/λ

48
Q

what does technetium 99 produce

A

releases gamma radiation

49
Q

what is technetium 99m used for

A

medical tracer which is injected into the blood stream absorbed by organs bones and muscles when technetium 99m decays releases gamma radiation gamma radiation travels at the speed of light through bones muscles and organs a gamma camera can detect the technetium

50
Q

what are the advantages of technetium 99m

A

big enough half life to allow for absorption of organs muscles and bones half life is short enough so overall radiation is low and not harmful

physics (11 decks)

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