NU 302 Final Flashcards
What are the Healthy People 2030 goals?
Main purpose: “To promote, strengthen, and evaluate the Nation’s efforts to improve the health and well-being of all people.”
- Attain healthy, thriving lives and well-being, free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.
- Eliminate health disparities, achieve health equity, and attain health literacy to improve the health and well-being of all.
- Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote attaining full potential for health and well-being for all.
- Promote healthy development, healthy behaviors, and well-being across all life stages.
- Engage leadership, key constituents, and the public across multiple sectors to take action and design policies that improve the health and well-being of all.
What are the 3 Core Public Health Functions?
Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance
What was the Henry Street Settlement?
1st public health nursing practice staffed by both nurses and social workers. (Due to Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster in 1893)
What is each level of prevention and what does it focus on?
Primary: keep disease, illness, or injury from occurring
Secondary: Recognize symptoms and detect early-screening
Tertiary: Minimize the negative impact and progression of illness
What is justice?
fairness
What is non maleficience?
To do no harm
What is beneficience?
to do good
What is autonomty?
independence; self-determination
What is veracity?
truthfulness
What is fidelity?
faithfulness; keeping promises
What is the purpose of the IRB (Institutional Review Board)?
Must have approval anytime human subjects are used for research
What is a person’s culture?
- “Beliefs, values, and behavior shared by members of society”.
- Influences behavior, what they say, and how they interpret the world.
What are characteristics of culture?
Learned from others
- Integrated systems of customs and traits
- Shared
- Mostly tacit
- Dynamic
What are the components of the epidemiological triad?
Host, agent, environment
Define a host
susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease-causing agent. May have the ability to resist infection (inherent resistance)
Define an agent
A factor that causes or contributes to a. health promotion or condition
Define an environment
All the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance
Define incidence
Number of new cases of a specific disease or condition during a period of time. (Number of persons developing disease/Total number at risk per unit of time)
Define prevelance
All active cases of a disease or condition at a given point in time. (Number of persons with disease/number of people in a population)
What is active immunity?
long-term; may be long and may be natural or artificial
What is passive immunity?
Short term resistance such as transfer of antibodies from mom to baby; naturally acquired
What is herd immunity?
Level of immunity to a group of people
What is cross immunity?
May be passive or active. Exposure to one infection may increase immunity to another.
What are s/s of shingles?
- Fever
- Headache
- Chills
- Upset Stomach
- Blisters
- Dissemination crosses dermatomes
- Remember shingles are either contact or airborne (if disseminated) transmission
What are s/s of TB?
- Cough lasting greater than 3 weeks
- Fatigue
- Chest pain
- Blood in sputum
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- TB is spread through airborne transmission
How do you treat TB?
Directly Observed treatment:
- Insures that clients take daily and intermittent prescriptions
- Labor intensive
- Meet clients where they are
First line of defense drugs:
- isoniazid (INH)
- rifampin (RIF)
- ethambutol (EMB)
- Pyrazinamide
antibiotics
What are s/s of chlamydia?
In men and women
- S/S in women include: vaginal discharge (mucous often yellow tinged), odor, UTI, lower back pain, bleeding in between periods
- S/S in men include: inflammation in urethra, watery discharge, burning and itching in the urethra, lower back and testicular pain
What is chlamydia?
Most commonly reported STD IN U.S.
- Transmitted via sexual contact and maternal transmission
- Women more susceptible
- may be asymptomatic
What are s/s of gonnorhea?
For men and women
S/S for men: purulent discharge and painful urination
- S/S for women: vaginal discharge, bleeding after discharge, may also be asymptomatic
- May also have lesions
What causes gonnorhea?
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria
True or False, you treat gonorrhea with antivirals
False, you treat it with antibiotics
What causes syphyllis?
Caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
What are s/s of primary syphillis?
chancre appears at entry site
What are s/s of secondary syphillis?
lesions appear on hands, feet, and trunk. Other symptoms include rash, fever, sore throat, fatigue, lymphadenopathy
What are s/s of tertiary syphillis?
neurological effects include deafness, cranial nerve palsy, meningitis, or even death
How is syphillis spread?
Spread through contact with the lesions or from mother to baby
What drug treats syphillis?
Penicillin
What causes genital herpes?
Caused by Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2
What are s/s of genital herpes?
S/S: fever, malaise, lesions or blisters on genitalia, rectum, or mouth
How do you treat genital herpes?
May use antiviral meds (Acyclovir) to treat outbreaks
T or F, genital herpes can be cured.
False
What causes viral warts?
Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
How are viral warts (HPV) transmitted?
Transmitted via direct skin-to-skin contact or from mother to baby
- Incubation period may be 2-3 months
What are complications of viral warts?
May lead to cancer of the anus, cervix, vulva, vagina, or penis
What are s/s of viral warts (HPV)?
May appear as flat or raised bumps or may be shaped like cauliflower. Lesions may also occur in throat or respiratory tract
Explain HIV/AIDS
Transmitted through blood and bodily fluids
- 71% of those infected live in sub-Sahara Africa
- AIDS is the condition that results from the infection with HIV
- Attacks the body’s immune system making individuals more susceptible to disease and infections
- Age of onset may influence progression of disease
- HIV individuals may be symptom free for sometime
What is direct contact?
may occur through direct skin to skin contact (such as scabies) or direct contact with blood or bodily fluids. Ex. HIV, Hepatitis, herpes zoster (shingles- not disseminated)
What is indirect conctac?
pathogens may be transferred via hands, equipment, clothing, toys, etc. Ex. MRSA, VRE, ESBL, CRE
What is enteric contact?
organisms are spread via spores. Ex. C-diff and norovirus
What PPE is required for direct contact?
gown and gloves
PPE for enteric contact?
gown and gloves; ALWAYS use soap and water. Hand sanitizer does not kill spores
What is the I PREPARE method
I - Investigate potential exposures
P - Present work
R - Residence
E - Environmental concerns
P - Past work
A - Activities
R - Referrals and Resources
E - Educate
List some therapeutic communication techniques?
- Give broad openings
- paraphrasing
- offer general leads
- reflect feelings
- focusing
- voicing doubt
- clarifying
- placing events in time sequence
- giving information
- encouraging formation of a plan
- testing discrepancies
What is droplet transmission?
-form of contact transmission. Droplets are spread when individuals cough, sneeze, or talk
- Ex. flu, pertussis, RSV, meningitis (caused by hameophilus influenzae type B)
- PPE: basic surgical mask
What is airborne transmission?
Droplets that may remain suspended in the air for some time.
- Ex. TB, shingles (if disseminated), chicken pox, measles, and COVID-19
- PPE: N-95 respirator, negative pressure room
What is vector transmission?
occurs when the infectious agent is carried by a nonhuman carrier such as an animal or insect
What are parts of the communication process?
- Message
- Sender
- Receiver
- Encoding
- Channel
- Decoding
- Feedback loop
What is the order of the communication proccess?
A sender sends a message, that is encoded, through a channel where it is decoded to the receiver, and creates a feedback loop
What is a windshield survey?
-Allows you to assess the needs of a community and areas which may need focus
-Physical - Condition of buildings, density, homes, parks, air quality
-Economic - Thriving, homelessness, shopping (grocery stores), places for employment
-Services - Schools, libraries, health clinics, churches, safety (police presence), transportation
-Social - hangouts, individuals on streets, diversity, problems expressed by individuals
What is a problem-oriented assessment?
begins with a single problem and assesses the community in terms of that problem
What is a community subsystem assessment?
Focuses on a single dimension of the community life
What is a comprehensive community assessment?
systematic data collection on the population, monitoring of the population’s health status, and accessing available information about the health of the community
What is acommunity assets assessment?
focuses on the strengths and capacities of a community rather than its problems
What is the leading cause of death in developing countries?
Communicable disease
- Ex. malaria, maternal and perinatal morbidity/mortality
What is the leading cause of death in developed countries?
Non-communicable diseases
- Ex. tobacco use, mental health, obesity
What is triage green?
Minor (walking wounded)
What is triage yellow?
Delayed
What is triage red?
Immediate
What is triage black?
deceased/morgue/unable to assist
What is a man-made disaster?
A disaster caused by human activity
What is a natural disaster?
A disaster caused by natural events
What is bioterrorism category A?
highest priority- easily transmitted and high mortality rates. Ex. smallpox, botulism, anthrax, Ebola
What is bioterrorism category B?
Second-highest priority- moderately easy to disseminate, high morbidity, and low mortality rates. Ex. Ricin toxin, food and water borne illnesses
What is bioterrorism category C?
third priority- easy to produce and high mortality/morbidity rates. Ex. TB, flu, rabies, SARS, and MERS
What are CHN roles in disasters?
Preventing disasters:
- Risk assessment
Preparing for disasters:
- disaster planning; personal prep; assessing for risk factors and disaster history.
- Establishing authority, communication, and transportation
- Mobilizing, warning, and evacuating
- Drills
- Locate supplies
- Prevention
Respond to disasters:
- Rescue
- Triage immediate treatment and support
- Care of bodies; family notification
Supporting recovery:
- Long-term treatment and support
- Need for self-care (critical incident stress debriefing)
What are benefits of breastfeeding?
- Convenient
- Cost
- Nutrition
- Immunity/Antibody
- Fewer digestive issues
- Promotes growth
- Promotes bonding
- Long term health for baby
- Promotes uterine contraction
- Weight loss for momma
- Decrease rates of breast and ovarian cancers for mom
What are breastfeeding reccomendations?
- Exclusively breastfeeding for the first 6 months and then continued for at least a year
What are barriers to breastfeedings?
-Lack of knowledge or experience of how best to support mothers and babies
-Not enough opportunities to communicate with other breastfeeding mothers
-Lack of up-to-date instruction and information from health care professionals
-Non-supportive hospital practices
-Lack of work place accommodation
- These are just general ones, but there could be more
What are risk factors for SIDS?
- Side/Stomach sleeping
- Exposure to cigarette smoke
- Premature birth
- Co-sleeping
- Having a sibling who has died of SIDS
- Bedding in crib
What is asthma?
- 13% of children <18 diagnosed
- One of the top reasons for children being hospitalized
- Triggers: overcrowded conditions, air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, infections, stress, exercise, weather changes
What are s/s of measles?
S/S: fever, cough, runny nose, red, watery eyes, rash, and Koplik spots
- Koplik spots may appear 2-3 days after symptoms onset
- Vaccine available
- Airborne transmission
What are s/s of mumps?
S/S: fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis) results in puffy cheeks
- Vaccine available - May begin 16-18 days after infected.
- Spread via saliva or mucous
What is Pertussis (Whooping cough)?
S/S: runny nose, low-grade fever, mild occasional cough, apnea (in babies), cough, vomiting, exhaustion
- Vaccine available. Booster every 10 years
- Caused by Bordetella pertussis. Tread with abx.
- Droplet transmission
What are 4 myths about older adults?
Myth of senility
Myth of rocking chair
Myth of homogeneity
Myth of inability
What are common misconceptions about older adults?
*Inability to live independently
*Chronologic age as a determinant of oldness
*Most with diminished intellectual capacity or senility
*All content and serene
*Inability to be productive
*Resistant to change
*No social security on retirement
What are barriers to health care of rural residents?
- Transportation
- Distance from hospitals and services
- Limited choices of providers
- Weather
What are Major Health Problems of Rural Residents?
- CV disease
- Diabetes
- COPD
What are Occupational health concerns of rural and migrant works?
- Tractor accidents/rollovers
- Machine and Equipment Accidents
- Heat Stroke
- Animal Injuries
What are some challenges of home health?
- Infection control: cleanliness of home, running water, transmission of infections, hand hygiene
- Medication safety: appropriateness, poly pharmacy, are clients taking correctly?
- Falls: exercise, check vision, clear paths for walking, handrails, remove or secure rugs, non-slip mates for showers, lighting, shoes
- Nurse safety: dangerous neighborhoods, violence, theft, travel
How can we reduce falls in the home?
exercise,
check vision,
clear paths for walking,
handrails,
remove or secure rugs,
non-slip mates for showers,
lighting, shoes
What vaccines do you get at birth?
HepB only. 3 dose series with first dose given at hospital
What vaccines do you get at 2 months?
DIHHPeR
DIHHPeR
- Dtap
- IPV
- Hep B
- Hib
- PCV-13
- Rotavirus
What vaccines do you get at 4 months?
DIHPeR
DIHPeR
- Dtap
- IPV
- Hib
- PCV-13
- Rotavirus
What vaccines do you get at 6 months?
DIHHPeR
DIHHPeR
- Dtap
- IPV
- Heb B
- Hib
- PCV-13
- Rotavirus
- Can begin giving flu if appropriate
What vaccines do you get at 12-15?
Hello Harry V. Potter MD
- Hib
- Hep A
- Varicella
- PCV-13
- MMR
- Dtap
What vaccines do you get at 4-6?
I Did My Vaccines
I Did My Vaccines
- IPV
- DTap
- MMR
- Varicella
What vaccines do you get at 11-12 years
Tweens Have Money
- TDAP
- HPV (x3 doses)
- Meningococcal
What vaccines do adults get?
IT
IT
- Influenza yearly
- TDap every 10 years
What Vaccines do you get at 60-65 years?
HIP
HIP
- Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
- Influence Yearly
- Pneumococcal
What are s/s of physical child abuse?
- Unexplained injuries like bruises, bite marks, abrasions, lacerations, head or internal injuries, or fractures.
- Bruising from defensive injuries to forearms
- Burns from cigarettes, ropes, or hot water/grid
- Traumatic alopecia with potential hematoma area and is tender to touch
- Trauma to ear
- Appears depressed, withdrawn, anxious, or aggressive
- Appears scared of parent/does not want to go home
s/s of sexual child abuse?
- STIs
- Trauma to perineal area, blood may be seen on sheets or undergarments
- Discharge from genital or anus
- Pain during bowel movement or urination
What are the main types of child abuse?
- Child neglect
- Physical abuse
- Sexual abuse
- Sexual exploitation
- Emotional abuse
s/s of shaken baby syndrome?
Bilateral retinal hemorrhages,
subdural or subarachnoid hematomas, no other external signs of abuse, possible breathing difficulties,
seizures, dilated pupils, lethargy, and unconsciousness
List the cycle of violence?
Honeymoon phase, , tension building, acute explosion
Describe the opioid epidemic
- Drugs derived from or mimic substances in the opium poppy plant
- Ex. oxycodone, morphine, hydrocodone, fentanyl, codeine, tramadol, and heroine
- Used for pain control, treatment of cough
- May be administered orally, injected, transdermal, sublingual, IV
- May cause a euphoria resulting in addiction
How do you treat the opioid crisis?
- Medication assisted treatment (MAT)- buprenorphine, extended release naltrexone
- Behavioral counseling
- Naloxone (Narcan)
What are some characteristics of vulnerable populations?
- Heightened risk of adverse health outcomes
- Higher mortality rates
- Less access to health care; disparities in quality of care
- Uninsured or underinsured
- Lower life expectancy
- Overall diminished quality of life
What are root causes of vulnerability?
- Socioeconomic status/poverty
- Insurance coverage: uninsured and underinsured
- Race and ethnicity
What causes hearing loss?
Occupational noise exposure
Attending loud events without ear protection
Firearms
Old age
Impairments from birth
What is arthritis?
Sever pain in the joints caused by inflammation.
What are s/s of arthritis?
Pain
Swelling
Joint stiffness
Joint weakness
Reduced range of motion
How can you manage arthritis pain?
Surgery
Physical therapy
Pain medication
How does arthritis effect individuals lives?
Leading cause of disability
Increase and individual’s risk for chronic health conditions
What are brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse?
When primary care physicians and/or other trained health professionals have one or two behavioral therapy sessions with an adolescent who is using substances?
Describe a brief intervention for adolescents who use substances
Uses a motivation-building approach to encourage the client to discontinue use of substances
Involves education client on the potential results of substance use disorder
What are some barriers to colorectal screenings for African American men?
Iimited access to healthcare
Poor education about importance
Embarrassment
Fear of negative results
What does HIPPA do?
Protect patient information privacy
What are some barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening experienced by immigrant women?
Transportation
Language differences
Lack of insurance
Religion
Gender roles
culture
Health issues
socioeconomic issues
