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Biological Psychology > NT theory, Drugs, Scans, Rain, Brendgen > Flashcards

NT theory, Drugs, Scans, Rain, Brendgen Flashcards

1
Q

define a dendrite

A

top end of a nuron
receives messages

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2
Q

what’s an axon

A

there main long part of the neuron that transports messages

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3
Q

what’s a terminal button

A

the end of the neuron that passes on the message

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4
Q

order of neurone transmitting

A

-dendrite receives message
-travels down the axon
-changes into chemical message
-neuro transmigres are released into the synapse and diffuse across
-binds with the receptor on post synaptic neuron
- neuro transmiter is reabsorbed into pre synaptic neuron

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5
Q

how does dopamine affect behaviour

A

Increase in dopamine is an increase in aggressive behaviour

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6
Q

whats a study to suport dopamines affect

A

Ferrari 2003
Rats fought for 10 days on 11th day dopamine was much higher than on first day

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7
Q

how does serotonin affect our behaviour

A

Low levels of serotonin are linked to impulsivity and aggression

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8
Q

What is a study to support serotonins affect on us

A

Raleigh 1991
Monkeys fed high levels of tryptophan (serotonin) were less aggressive and on low levels were more aggressive

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9
Q

evaluating neurotransmitter theory
what points can we make

A

deterministic- can’t control levels in brain
reductionist- ignores social factors/individual differences
Useful- for doctors and criminal systems
methodology of studies- animals not generalisable
and un-ethical

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10
Q

how does canabis affect neurones

A

Refractory period in neuron is stopped so constant firing of neurotransmitters

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11
Q

how long does snorting v smocking crack take to kick in

A

10m 8sec

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12
Q

what does crack do to your neurone

A

blocks dopamine readsorbtion

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13
Q

what happens when crack where’s off

A

body under produces dopamine cos it has felt like there had been a huge over production, to make up for it
so you feel like shit

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14
Q

what are the affects of alcohol

A

increases GABA
Reduce cognativ ability

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15
Q

explain how a CAT scan works

A

-uses x-rays to take multiple pictures of the brain
-produces lots of pictures of the brain
- so can be used to detect tumours

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16
Q

what are some negatives of CAT scans

A

-they don’t give info on how the brain works
-use radiation
-so they can’t be used by pregnant women

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17
Q

what are some positives of CAT scans

A

-quick to conduct
-accurate detail of brain structure
-surgeons can know the lay out of the brain before they start sugary

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18
Q

what does PET stand for

A

Positron emission tomography

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19
Q

how does a PET scan work

A

-inject with small amounts of FDG which will attach itself to glucose in the blood
-brain will break down FDG when the blood passes through releasing radiation that computer picks up
-when there is no radiation picked up there is no activity

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20
Q

what is a negative of PET scans

A

invasive needle

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21
Q

what are some positives of PET scans

A

low levels of radiation so minimal risk

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22
Q

what does FMRI stand for

A

Functional magnetic resonance imagery

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23
Q

how does FRMI work

A

hemoglobin in the blood carrying oxygen that repels the magnetic field

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24
Q

pros of FMRI

A

no radiation
not invasiv

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25
cons of FMRI
magnetic field so no metallic implants claustrophobia
26
what date did Raine et all take place
1997
27
what was Raine's aim
to investigate brain abnormalities of murderers who pleaded NGRI, through the use of PET scans, compared to non murderers
28
what was Raine's sample
-41-murderers -41-non murderers -39m/2f -no people with drug addiction
29
how many people in rains study suffered from brain injurys
23
30
how many people in rains study suffered from epilepsy
2
31
how many people in rains study suffered from schizophrenia
6
32
what is the procedure of Rain's study
-medication free for 2 weeks -groups matched on age and gender -pps exclude if they had drug issues or large trauma -given conscious performance tasks (CPT) to practice for 10 mins -injected with FDG and had PET scans done whilst performing CP tasks for 32 mins -looked at the metabolic rate of brain areas to assess activity
33
what was Rain's hypothesis
murderers would have a lower metabolic rate in decision making parts of the brain and also in behaviour parts
34
what did Rain find
-low activity in prefrontal cortex of murderers -how activity in corpus colosseum -high in right thalamus and low in left
35
what where the conclusions of Rain
criminals are not responsible for their actions as they have significant brain different that make the behave in different ways
36
evaluate the generalise-ability of Rain
-41 is a good sample for a brain study -andosentric but 39:2 is representative of murderers -culture bias- California
37
evaluate the reliability of Rain
-standard procedures- pet scan and times and off medication for two weeks -suporting studdy (Pardin) found the same thing -quantatativ data
38
evaluate applicability of Rain
-can help with understanding criminals -proves brain structure theory
39
evaluate validity of Rain
-the CPT tasks lack mundane realism -controls extrenuas variable
40
evaluate the ethics of Rain
-could they consent even with their brain damage -taken of medication could be harmful -social sensitive data-people could be tabled as dangerous from birth even if they never doing anything wrong just because of how their brain is made up
41
how many eggs are in diozigotic twins
2
42
how many eggs are in monozygotic twins
1
43
what is the schizophrenia concordance rate between DZ twins
58%
44
what is the schizophrenia concordance rate between MZ twins
12%
45
what where Brendgen's 3 aims
-see if social aggression could be caused by genes or the environment -you've social aggression shared the same cause as physical aggression -to see if one type of aggression leads to another
46
what was the sample of brengaden
234 Canadian twin pairs 44 MZ men 50 MZ women 41 DZ men 32 DZ women 67 mixed sex twins
47
what where the two data ratings in brengaden about
Behaviour
48
what's an example of the physical agretion statement that teachers had to say if they agreed to in brengaden
to what extent does the child get into fights
49
what's an example of the social agretion statement used in brengaden
to what extent does the child try to get others to dislike a child
50
what was the teachers rating scale in brengaden
0- never 1-sometimes 2-often
51
when where the ratings gathered in each year (brengaden)
spring term
52
what was the age rang in the brengaden study
5 months to 6 years
53
what where peers asked in brengaden to assess physical aggression
circle pictures of children hit others
54
what where peers asked to assess social aggression in brengaden
Circle pictures of children that tells mean secrets
55
describe the procedure of brengaden answer plan
-3 aims -sample -ages they where assed at -rating for the teachers -rating for peers -examples of each statement
56
what was the correlation between teacher ratings of social and physical aggression in brengaden
moderate correlation
57
what suggested that physical aggression is genetic in brengaden
the MZ correlation where twice that of the same sex DZ correlation in physical aggression
58
MZ correlation and DZ correlation for social aggression where similar this suggests that it is less linked to genetics in brengaden why does it mean this ?
if it where genetic then you would expect the correlation to be higher in MZ twins as they share for genetics
59
what was the physical conclusion in brengaden
50-60 % of physical aggression can be linked to genetics as the correlation was slightly higher in MZ twins
60
what was the social conclusion in brengaden
Jeans only seem to account for about 20% of social aggression
61
Social aggression aggression and physical aggression nature or nurture
Physical aggression is nature social aggression is mostly nurture
62
what was the result of aim 1
it showed what social aggression was more caused by, the environment
63
what was the result of aim 2
they don't share the same the same cause physical aggression is caused by nature and social nurture
64
what was the result of aim 3
if you are physically aggressive you are more likely to be socially aggression but not nesaseraly visa versa
65
why could the age of the pps have been a problem when it comes to social aggression write out answer
the pps only went up to 6 years but we develope an understanding of social norms and rules at about 7 or 8, according to fraud, so the children in the study have less of a capacity to display physical aggression so the coronations and results are only applicable to that age group
66
evaluate generalise ability in brendgen
-234 is a good sample size -cultur bias, canada -age bias, increased stress from starting school could have an affect on aggression
67
evaluate reliability in brendgen
-standardised, same questions to all teachers and peers -standardised answering methods, likert scale and circling -interrater reliability was good between kids and teachers
68
evaluate applicability in brendgen
-it shows us that social aggression is easer to influence as it is less about genetics -if a kid is physically aggressive then it is and indicator that they may be more socially aggressive late on so can try and change behaviour early
69
evaluate validity in brendgen
- done in the spring term so removes EV like unfamiliarity - the kids didn't know they where being watched and it was done in a natural setting so it has good ecological validity -interator reliability was good this shows a lack of bias in the proses -extrenuas variables imposible to mesure over 234 different pps
70
evaluate ethics in brendgen
Encouraging kids to judge others negatively could have negative affects after the study such as kids seeing others in a bad way which they had not thought about until prompted by experimenters

Biological Psychology (8 decks)

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