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Unit 2 Pat Additional > NT > Flashcards

NT Flashcards

1
Q

Monamines

A

Dopamine, Serotonin (5HT), Norepinephrine and Eprinephrine

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2
Q

Dopamine is considered what type of pathway

A

“reward” pathway and addiction

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3
Q

Dopamine Synthesis

A

tryosine to dopa to dopamine

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4
Q

Dopamine Degradation

A

monamine oxidase (MOA) and catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

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5
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

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6
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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7
Q

What type of NT is serotonin

A

Monamine

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8
Q

Glycine is ________ AA

A

Neutral/Inhibitory GABA

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9
Q

Aspartate is ______ AA

A

Excitatory

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10
Q

Circle of Willis connects _______ and _______

A

caratoid and basilar arterties

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11
Q

The pia mater contains _______ plexuses

A

choroid

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12
Q

Midbrain also called

A

Mesencephalon

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13
Q

Hindbrain consists

A

Metencephalon (cerebellum & pons) & Myelecephalon (medulla)

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14
Q

What part of the brain contains the thalamus and the hyperthalamua?

A

Forebrain

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15
Q

Short preganglionic and long post ganglionic neurons

A

Sympathetic

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16
Q

Long preganglionic and short post ganglionic neurons

A

Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Preganglionic axons neurotransmitter

A

Acetylocholine both branches (cholinergic)

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18
Q

Postganglionic axons neurotransmitter

A

Sympathetic - norepinephrine (adrenergic)

Parasympathetic - release acetylcholine

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19
Q

Cholinergic Receptors

A

Receptor for Ach

Nicotinic, Muscarinic

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20
Q

Medulla also called

A

Myelencephalon

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21
Q

What kind of tract is pyramidal (corticospinal)

A

Descending motor tract

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22
Q

Pyramidal upper motor neurons arise

A

cortex and descends to cross over and decussate at the medulla (pyramids)

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23
Q

Another motor tract

A

extrapyramidal (outside of the pyramidal)

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24
Q

They r involved in non-volu expressions of the fine motor & postural control

A

extrapyramidal

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25
Q

Synapse with final motor neurons of ventral (gray) horn

A

extrapyramidal

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26
Q

Receptor senses a stimulus (from environment or inside body)

A

Reflex Arc

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27
Q 
Stressor Reponse (BP, HR, MVO2, EF, CO, Circulating BV) - threat response
Increase Muscle Blood Flow
Bronchodilation (oxygenation)
Liver Glycolysis (lactic acid)
Adipose Lipolysis (FFA)
Distance VIsion
Sexual Climac (2nd phase)
A

Sympathetic Reponses

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28
Q 
Digestion
Anabolism (growth)
Near Vision
Voiding, Defecation
Sexual Excitation (1st phase)
A

Parasympathetic Reponses

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29
Q

Parasympathetic end organ receptors

A

Muscarinic

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30
Q

NO

A

Released by some parasympathetic neurons and gas that causes blood vessel vasodilatated

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31
Q

Parasympathetic: Post synaptic neuron release

A

ACh, NO

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32
Q

Sympathetic: Post synaptic neuron release

A

Norepinephrine (NE)
Epinephrine (EP)
Dopamine (DA)
Acetylcholine (ACh)

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33
Q

Dorsal, afferent

A

Sensory pathway

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34
Q

Ventral, efferent

A

Motor Pathway

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35
Q

Brings info to spinal cord

A

Afferent Sensory neuron

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36
Q

Spinal cord sends out ______ to the body to a(n) __________ that accomplishs the action

A

motor neuron

effector organ

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37
Q

_____ develops from dorsal thickening of ectoderm to form neural plate

A

CNS

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38
Q

With maturity, cerebral maturity suppresses primitive lower brain & spinal cord reflexes

A

CNS maturity

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39
Q 
Spinal Reflexes
Stepping
Sucking
Rooting
Palmar Grasp
A

Primitive Reflexes

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40
Q

Some aging effects of the NS

A

Decreased # neurons
Degeneration cerebra & cortex tiss, degen of nerve proteins
Loss of brain tiiss, reduced inhibition spinal cord
Reappearance of primitive reflexes
Deficits in taste & Smell
Decreases in Vision
Gait changes - shorter, shuffling, no associated arm swinging
Falls in elderly

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41
Q

Pain Neuroanatomy: Actions occurs in body & CNS

A

effector organ

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42
Q

Pain Neuroanatomy

A

Reflex arc loop system (afferent IN, efferent OUT),

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43
Q

Types of nociceptors

A

Skin - mechanoreceptors, thermal receptors
Joint - mechanoreceptors, silent
Visceral - mechanoreceptors, silent, chemical, thermal
Silent (“deep”) - found in skin & deep tiss

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44
Q

Tissue injury is painful bc release of chemicals of _______ & includes ________

A

inflammation

includes: vasoactive peptides (bradykinins), prostaglandins, histamine, lymphokines, serotonin (5HT), substance P

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45
Q

Derived from large molecule in brain called POMC

A

endorphins & dynorphins (strongest)

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46
Q

Inhibit pain transmission w/in CNS

A

endorphins & dynorphins

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47
Q

Spreads pain locally

A

Substance P

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48
Q

Sympathetic NS Activation

A

ascending pain impulses can’t make it 2 higher CNS levels

Reduce awareness of pain in a crisis to respond in emergency

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49
Q

Improves pain tolerance and clinical correlate: reduced tolerance for pain in depressed persons & improved tolerance in ppl given antidepressants

A

Serotonin

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50
Q

Pts do not get use to the pain and CNS response (limbic system) worsens

A

Chronic Pain

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51
Q

Pain is dull and poorly localized in this body system

A

Somatic (bone, ligaments, tendons, muscle, fascia)

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52
Q

“Referred” pain, diff to localize, aching

A

Visceral - internal organs

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53
Q

Injury 2 skin with high conce of nerve endings allowing for good localization (lacerations, burns)

A

Cutaneous

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54
Q

Burning, tingling and hypersensitivity 2 touch or cold, lancinating

A

Neuropathic

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55
Q

Burning, itching

A

Inflammatory

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56
Q

Caused by injury 2 body tiss

Surgical trauma, infection/Inflam

A

Nociceptive

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57
Q

Abnormalities in nerves, spinal cord / brain

A

Neuropathic

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58
Q

Entirely or mostly related to psychological disorder (rare)

A

Psychogenic

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59
Q

Increase painful sensation in reponse to additional noxious stimuli; amplification or pain due to injury or inflammation

A

Hyperalgesia

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60
Q

Pain for stimulus that does not normally produce pain

A

Allodynia (light touch, sunburn)

61
Q

Constant bombant of 2nd order neurons in dorsal horn, neuron previously carried touch sensation (Abeta) now carrys pain , neuropathich pain syndromes as well as chronic pain that is undertreated

A

Wind up Pain

62
Q

ABCDE Pain

A

Ask about pain regularly
Believe report of pain & relief agents
Choose pain control options appropriately
Deliver interventions (timely, coordinated)
Empower pts & family members 2 control course pain management

63
Q

What maintains internal environment

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

Part of limbic system

A

Hypothalamus

65
Q

If 2 cold is stimulated

A

Thyroid

66
Q

When stimulated produces throxine, which stimlated adrenal medulla, produces nonepine/ epine causing sympathetic activation

A

Thyroid

67
Q

If 2 hot ______ pathway is shut down and _____ system is more dominant

A

TRH/TSH and parasympathetic system

68
Q

Active and multiphase process

A

Sleep

69
Q

To keep awake ______ sends out signals & 2 go 2 sleep ______ must be inhibited

A

SCN (supra-chiasmatic nucleus)

70
Q

Inhibition of SCN is initiated by _____ production & synthesized by _______

A

melatonin

pineal gland

71
Q

Four stages of NREM

A

1: light sleep & alpha waves (5% of total sleep)
2. Sleep spindles & slower (50% )
3. delta waves & sleep spindles (10%)
4. Only delta waves - deepest (10%)

72
Q

SWS

A

slow - wave sleep
occurs in stage 3 & 4 NREM
neocortex probably occurs

73
Q

______ memory improved after a deep sleep

A

Declarative (fact-based)

74
Q

_____ sleep occurs every 90 min after 1st 1-2 hrs deep sleep

A

REM

75
Q

20-25% Total sleep

A

REM

76
Q

During increased cerebral blood flow & steroid released

A

REM

77
Q

Controlled by pontine reticular formation

A

REM

78
Q

Sleeping pattern of newborns

A

16-17 hrs, mostly REM

79
Q

Primary sleep disorders

A

Dyssominia (insomnia) and Pasrasomnia (nightmare)

80
Q

hypocretin/orexin deficiency

A

narcolepsy

81
Q

10-20 minutes long

A

narcolepsy

82
Q

Sudden loss of muscle tone

A

Cataplexy

83
Q

Includes other sym - cataplexy, hallucinations, sleep paralysis

A

narcolepsy

84
Q

Occur just b4 sleeping (hypnagogic) or right after waking up (hypnopompic)

A

Hallucinations

85
Q

Breathing related sleep disorders

A

Sleep apnea syndromess (SAS)

86
Q

Occurs more than 30 times per 8 hrs sleep

A

Hypopnea/apnea

87
Q

Not related 2 airway blockage

occurs usually w/other cardia / neurological diagnoses - elderly

A

Central sleep apnea (CSA)

88
Q

Form of central apnea

AW obstruction in obese

A

Pickwickian Syndrome

89
Q

Obstructive and central

A

Mixed type sleep apnea

90
Q

_____ ppl have 45% greater risk of HTN

A

sleep apnea syndromes

91
Q

_______ ppl have increased risk of MI and stroke

A

sleep apnea syndromes

92
Q

Micro sleeps during the day contributing to injury & fatigue

A

sleep apnea syndromes

93
Q

Treatment includes avoid alcohol & sedatives, wt loss
Oral appliance
+ airway pressure - forcing air thru nasal passages
Surgery

A

sleep apnea treatments

94
Q

Disorder includes jet lag, shift work, delayed sleep phase

A

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

95
Q

Childhood Parasomnias

A

Nightmare, night terrors. somnabulism (sleepwalking disorder) - during stage 3 or 4 NREM

96
Q

Mental and behavioral health diagnoses looked up in here

A

Diagnostic & statistical manual

97
Q

Includes variety disorders like Asperger’s

A

Autism

98
Q

diagnosis can b made b4 age 3 sometimes as early as 12-18 months

A

Autism

99
Q

Assessment scoring tool for Autism

A

M-CHAT

100
Q

May develop seizure disorder

A

Autism

101
Q

Seizure disorder

A

Epilepsy

102
Q

brain waves occur at different frequencies

A

Epilepsy

103
Q

Diagnosis test of Epilepsy

A

EEG

104
Q

Type of seizure that is widespread electrical discharge affecting both sides of brain; often genetic

A

Generalized

105
Q

Type of seizure that is abnormal electrical discharge in only 1 part of brain

A

Partial

106
Q

Occurs in Asian men

A

SUNDS syndrome (sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome) also Brugada Syndrome

107
Q

Used assess / evaluate coma

A

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); peds & adult versions

108
Q

Early death (neuro-endocrine failure) resulting

A

Dementias

109
Q

ABCs of Dementia

A

Activity (Function)
Behavior
Cognition - memory & Lang, new info & problem solving, perception, abs thinking

110
Q

Types of dementia

A

Alzheimer
Lewy-body
Vascular

111
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

associated with abnormal lewy bodies seen on histology, seen alone or with things like parkinson’s

112
Q

vascular dementia

A

multi-infarct dementia

caused by same risk factors as any CV disease

113
Q

Other conditions that may cause dementia include

A

slow viruses (mad cow), tumors, underactive thyroid, alcoholism

114
Q

Deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

A

In: suddenly stretched by tap w/finger or rubber hammer; mechanoreceptons (spindle fibers in muscle) send afferent (sensory) info 2 spinal cord
Out: spinal cord sends efferent (motor) impulses to muscle via gamma neurons & muscle contracts

115
Q

Brain ________ deep tendon reflexes

A

inhibits

y can accentuate reflex during an exam by reinforcement

116
Q

W/in the CNS

A

UMN lesion

117
Q

UMN lesion

A

mild weakness, disuse atrophy muscles, accentuated deep tendon reflexes, hypertonia, spasticity

118
Q

Brain ______ spinal cord reflexes

A

Suppresses

119
Q

Brain unable 2 suppress spinal cord reflexes

A

Disinhibition

120
Q

Outside CNS

A

LMN lesion

121
Q

Autosomal Dominant abnormality, ultimately leads to death of neurons & imbalance in basal ganglia w/overactive dopaminergic pathways
Sym: progressive chorea & dementia
starts in adulthood
tx - antagonize dopamine 2 slow progression; no cure

A

Huntington’s Disease

122
Q

(genetic)

brain degeneration

A

Parkinson’s Disease

123
Q

associated w/depression & development of Lewy Body type dementia
decreased dopamine in basal ganglia

A

Parkinson’s Disease

124
Q

Any focal neurologic deficits on clinical exam (temp or permanent)

A

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

125
Q

Types of TBI

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) brainstem contusion
Focal Injury (contusions)
Coup Injury
Contre-Coup Injury

126
Q

Shaken baby sydrome; MVA r examples of TBI

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

127
Q

Type of TBI - blunt (closed) or open (penetrating) trauma

Most deaths from head trauma

A

Focal Injury

128
Q

Blow to frontal skull

A

Coup injury

129
Q

blow to occipital skull & brain strikes inner liner shaped frontal bones on rebound, causing frontal damage also

A

Contre-Coup

130
Q

Pathophysiology - decreased dopamine, inhibitory (dopaminergic) neurons - imbalance of too much cholinergic and GABA influence; lack of dopamine causes disinhibition - may see constant baseline increased muscle activity leading to rigidity temor

A

Parkinson’s

131
Q

AKA abusive head trauma (ABT)

A

shaken baby syndrome

132
Q

Long term complications include: deafness, blindness, seize disorder, mental retardation & cerebral palsy

A

shaken baby syndrome

133
Q

Symptoms lasting less than 24 hrs

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

134
Q

Types of stroke

A

Ischemic (thrombotic - blood clot)
Hemorrhagic (intracranial bleed)
Embolic (traveling clot from another location n body)
Cryptogenic (hidden)

135
Q

85-90% of strokes in adults

often due to atherosclerosis in carotid vessels

A

Ischemic (thrombotic - blood clot)

136
Q

5-10% of strokes

A

Hemorrhagic (intracranial bleed)

137
Q

Rare Stroke

A

Embolic (traveling clot from another location n body)

138
Q

Very few (<5%)
not obvious causes
includes embolic strokes

A

Cryptogenic

139
Q

FAST

A

Face - face look uneven
Arm - 1 arm hanging down
Speech - Slurred speech
Time - Call 911 now

140
Q

Strokes n infants

A

intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); low blood pressure

141
Q

Childhood Stroke

A

Usually due to trauma or blood disorders - sickle cell anemia

142
Q

Disorders of the neuromuscular junction

A

Degenerative Disease

Rare Syndromes - Lambert-Eaton, pseudochilnesterase deficiency, myasthenia gravis)

143
Q

Autoimmune attack against ACh receptors on skeletal muscle

A

Myasthenia Gravis

144
Q

Male:Female ration 2:3

My include thymus disorders

A

Myasthenia Gravis

145
Q

Transmitted my mother; lasts 1-10 weeks, treat supportively until abates
Progressive reduced muscle strength with repeated muscle use, the improvement after rest
sym start once # of AChR is 30% of normal

A

Myasthenia Gravis

146
Q

Demylenating Disorder - loss of myelin around neurons in the CNS

A

MS

147
Q

Over accumulation of neurotransmitter glumate in CNS causing excito-toxicity of anterior horn cells in spinal cord

A

ALS (Lou Gehrigh’s Disease)

148
Q

Neurons that would normally innervate skeletal muscle die and lose of lower motor neuron (LMN) function with muscle paresis;
eventually loses ability to speak, swallow and breathe

A

ALS (Lou Gehrigh’s Disease)

Unit 2 Pat Additional (1 decks)

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