NST GRADE 5 TERM 4 Flashcards
What does your body use every day?
Energy
Where does your body get energy from
Walking, running, playing, food
Where does energy come from
From fuel
What is fuel
Something that can be eaten/burned to make heat, light and movement energy
What is energy from the used for
Plants use it to make food
Where do plants store energy
in their leaves, stems and fruit
What does food contain
Stored energy
What does wood contain
Stored energy that is released when you burn the wood
What is input energy
Energy we need to put in to start a fuel burning
What is output energy
The energy that is produced when a fuel burns (wood makes light and heat)
What fuels do you get
Coal
Natural Gas
Paraffin
Candle wax
What is energy used for
To make light and heat
What is petrol
It is a liquid fuel
What happens when petrol is burned in a car’s engine
Heat energy makes the engine work and makes the car move forward.
Give an example of fuels that need energy to start them burning
A Candle needs burning matches to set the wick alight
What happens when fuel starts burning
Stored energy inside is released and changed to other forms of energy like heat and light
What does fuel need to set them alight
Heat
What does fuel need to keep them burning
Oxygen and heat
What happens if any of elements are not there in a fire triangle
The fire will be extinguished
How does a candle snuffer work
A candle snuffer smothers the flame by preventing oxygen from reaching it. It then extinguishes the flame
What happens when you blow a candle
Your breath moves heat from the burning gas. If there is no heat, the fire will extinguish.
What happens when you put water on a fire
Water will take away the heat from the fire and thus extinguish the fire.
What must fire fighter do with a fire
- Remove all fuel from the fire
- Remove heat so that the fuel will stop burning
- They must smother the fire by preventing oxygen getting to the fuel.
What does an electrochemical cell do
It changes energy in chemicals into electricity
What is a battery
A source of stored energy that is made of one or more cells
What is a switch
It controls the electricity in an electric circuit
Are the two ends of a cell the same
No they are different. One is called the positive end and one is called the negative end
What happens when a torch is switched on
Chemical energy in the cells is changed into electricity.
The electricity goes to the light bulb
The bulb changes electricity into light energy
What will happen when all the energy in the cell has been transferred
The appliance will stop working - Cell/Battery is “flat”
What are rechargeable batteries
It is batteries that can be recharged.
What can happen with harmful chemicals in old batteries
They can leak out
What will happen if you put a battery in a fire
They can explode
What is an electrical circuit
It is a system when electricity is joined together in a loop that begins and ends at a battery
What does all electrical appliances have
A circuit that take electrical energy from the energy source to where it is needed and back to the source
What will happen if an electrical circuit of an appliance is broken
The appliance will not work
What is elastic
a material that returns quickly to its original shape after it has been bent or stretched
What does compress mean
To squeeze or push the parts of something together
What can elastic bands/springs be used for
To make things move
What do we need to do to bands/springs before they can move
We need to twist/stretch it
Till when can energy be stored
Until it is needed
What are batteries
Stores of energy
What is a hand-held catapult
It has a y-shaped frame, 2 strips of rubber and a pocket to hold a stone
An elastic material returns to its original shaped slowly or quickly
Quickly
An unstretched band has no or a lot of stored energy
No
A stretched band has no or a lot of stored energy
A lot of
The more you pull back the rubber of a catapult the closer or further the stone goes when you fire it
Further
To load energy in a compressed spring, you must push the ends together or stretch it
Stretch it
What can be eaten or burnt to make heat, light or movement energy
Fuel
What does wood contain that is released when we burn it
Stored energy
What does fuels need to set them alight
Oxygen
What is an idea or explanation that you try to prove by doing a scientific investigation
Hypothesis
When a stretched elastic band is released, the stored energy inside it changes to
Movement energy
We can store energy in a spring by doing what
Compressing it
We can store energy in an elastic by doing what
Stretching it
What is the orbit
The path of one object in space around another, such as the path of the Earth around the sun
What is revolution
The movement of an object in space around another object, such as the movement of the Earth around the Sun
What is an axis
An imaginary line passing through the centre of an object
What is rotation
The movement of an object around itself, such as the earth around its own axis
What direction does the Earth move around the Sun
Anticlockwise
What direction is clockwise
The same direction that the hands of a watch move around the watch
How long does it take for the earth to travel around the sun
365 days or 1 year
How fast does the earth travel in it’s orbit
About 108000 km per hour or 30km per second
what is the 4 positions of earth to the sun
March - 12 O’clock
December - 3 O’clock
September - 6 O’clock
June - 9 O’clock
Where is the earth’s axis
The one end is at the North pole and the other end is at the south pole
What does the earth move around
It’s own axis
In which direction does the earth rotate
From east to west, in an anti-clockwise direction.
How long does it take for earth to spin around it’s own axis
About 24 hours / 1 day
What are the 2 main ways earth moves in space
It revolves around the sun in it’s orbit
It spins on it’s own axis
How many important movements does earth have
2
The earth revolves around the sun once in a
Year
The pathway that the earth moves in around the sun is called its
Orbit
The earth rotates around it’s axis once in a
Day
The earth rotates from which side to which side
East to west
Where is earth in it’s orbit every day of the year
In a different place
The earth rotates around it’s axis how many times in a week
7 times
What is a crust
A hard, rocky layer that is everywhere around earth, even under the water of the oceans
What is the surface of the earth called
The crust
What are oceans
Huge areas of the earth’s surface that is covered in water.
What will you always find underneath soil and water
Rock
What does life on earth depend on
Soil
Air
Water
Sunlight
What do plants need to make their own food
Water
Air
Sunlight
Why do plants need soil
To anchor their roots in the ground
What do animals need to stay alive
Oxygen from the air and water they drink
Where do animals get the energy they need from
From the food they eat
What is topsoil
The layer of soil that lies on the surface of the earth
What does decompose mean
Break down into smaller parts
What is fertile soil
Soil in which plants can grow well
What is subsoil
The layer of soil that lies underneath the topsoil
What are the layers of soil
Top layer is Topsoil
Second layer is Subsoil
Third layer is Pieces of rock and soil
Last layer is Solid rock
What colour is topsoil
Dark in colour
What does topsoil have in it
Remains of dead plants and animals
Which layer is the best to grow plants in
Topsoil layer
What is soil in which plants grow well called
Fertile soil
What does the word sub mean
It means under
What can plant roots get from the sub soil
It can get nutrients
What is below the subsoil
A layer of broken pieces of rock mixed with some soil
Where does topsoil lie
On the surface
How does topsoil form
It forms as rock on the surface of the earth breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces
What is always underneath topsoil
More solid rock
Why do farmers plant seeds to crow grops in on topsoil
Because it is so fertile
How does rock become topsoil
Rock near the surface of the earth is in contact with water and air. Chemicals in the air cause this rock to weaken and crumble. The roots of plants growing in cracks in the rock also help to widen the cracks and break the rock down to smaller and smaller pieces. Dead plant and animal matter mixes with the pieces of rock and slowly topsoil forms
What is a microscope
An instrument that makes small things appear much bigger
What are coarse grains
Large soil grains
What are fine grains
Very small soil grains
What are soil grains
Small pieces of broken rock
What is humus
Dark material in the soil made of fully decomposed remains of plants and animals
What is eroded soil
Soil that has been wash away by water or blown away by wind
How is soil usually mixed up
It is usually a mixture of different types of soil grains in different proportions
What are large grains called
Sand Grains
What are small grains called
Clay grains
What are clay grains
Small pieces of grain that you can’t see unless you look at them through a microscope.
What are the 3 main types of soil
Sandy soil;
Clayey soil
Loamy soil
Describe Sandy soil
It is soil in which there are more coarse sand grains than fine grains. It feels gritty when you rub it between your fingers
Describe Clayey soil
It has more fine grains of clay than coarse grains of sand. If you rub it between your fingers it feels smooth. Wet clayey soil is sticky and hold a shape
Describe Loamy soil
It is a mixture of equal amounts of clay, sand and other soil grains. It contains humus. Humus makes loamy soil light and nutrient rich. Plants grow best in loamy soil
What is between the grains of sand and clay in soil
Water and air
Which soil can hold water better?
Clayey soil
Why is sandy soil often dry after rain
Because water passes very easily through the large spaces in sandy soil
Why does plants prefer loamy soil
Because it is a mixture of sandy soil and clay and it is not too wet or too dry.
Why is smaller animals like earthworms important for soil
Because their movements takes material lying on the surface into the soil
What does tiny soil organisms do to the remains of dead plants and animals.
It helps it to decompose.
How should farmers farm
In a way that protects the soil from erosion so that there is enough fertile soil to grow food for people in the future.
What is sedimentary rock
Rock that forms when sediments are deposited in layers and harden
What does deposit mean
Drop or put down in a certain place
What is sediments
Soil and pieces of broken rock deposited by a river or by the wind
What does compact mean
Press together tightly
What is shale
A kind of sedimentary rock made from clay/mud
What is sandstone
A kind of sedimentary rock made from sand
What is limestone
A kind of sedimentary rock made from the shells and bones of tiny sea animals
What happens to rock over time
Rock breaks down into smaller pieces called grains over a long period of time.
How can mud and sand be moved
Mud and sand are moved by wind and water. The sand and mud is washed away by water flowing over the surface of the earth after it has rained. They are carried down the river
What happens to mud, dust and sand after it is moved
It is deposited in low lying areas.
Name the 5 steps sedimentary rock is formed
- Rock breaks down into small grains
- Mud and sand are moved by wind and water
- Mud, dust and sand are deposited in low-lying areas
- New layers of mud and sand are deposited on top of existing layers
- The layers become compacted and hardened, and form sedimentary rock
What can you always see within a sedimentary rock
You can always see layers
Name 3 examples of sedimentary rock
Shale
Sandstone
limestone
What do we use to make cement
Limestone.
How is cement made
Limestone is crushed and mixed into small amounts of clay. The mixture is heated to almost 1500*C in a special oven. The powder is packed in bags
What is sandstone and shale used for
They are used for buildings. Large pieces of rock can be cup up into building blocks. Shale can also be ground up and mixed with water to make clay bricks
What is a fossil
The remains or signs of ancient plants and animals preserved in rock
What does ancient mean
From a very long time ago
What does preserved mean
Did not rot away
Where are fossils preserved
In some layers of sedimentary rock
What are most fossils
Most are plants and animals that do not live today. We say these organisms are extinct. We only know what extinct organisms existed because of their fossil remains
How are fossils formed
If living things are trapped in layers, they may be preserved in the rock as fossils.
What is the youngest and oldest parts of sedimentary rocks
The youngest part is the top layer
The oldest part is the bottom layer
How do we know how old fossils are
The lower they are in the layers of the rock, the older they are.
Name 2 types of fossils
Body fossils
Trace fossils
What is a body fossil
Actual preserved body parts of a plant or animal. It is the hard parts of the body such as the bones, teeth, leaves etc. The soft parts rot away
What do body fossils tell us
It tells us about the plant or animal’s body structure
What is a trace fossil
It is preserved signs of animals such as footprints, eggs, burrows and droppings.
What do trace fossils tell us
It gives us information about how the animal lived. Fossil droppings can tell us what the animal ate. Footprints can tell us if the animal walked on 2 or 4 legs.
Fossilized burrows may contain fossil bones from animals that lived there
Which fossils look like organisms that live today
Some plants and animals like cycads
