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NSCI100 > NSCI Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

NSCI Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

outside brain and spinal cord
composed of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

somatic nervous system

A

interacts with external environment (voluntary)

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4
Q

afferent nerves in SNS

A

carry sensory signals from skin, joints, etc. to CNS

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5
Q

efferent nerves in SNS

A

carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscles

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6
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates body’s internal environment (involuntary)

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7
Q

afferent nerves in ANS

A

carry sensory signals from organs to CNS

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8
Q

efferent nerves in CNS

A

carry motor signals from CNS to organs

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9
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates, organizes, and mobilize energy in threatening situations; changes are indicative of psychological relaxation

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10
Q

parasympathetic system

A

acts to conserve energy; changes are indicative of psychological arousal

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11
Q

dura mater

A

outer meninx (tough membrane/leather-like)

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12
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

immediately inside dura mater, spider-web like membrane

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13
Q

subarachnoid space

A

beneath arachnoid; contains blood vessels and CSF

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14
Q

pia mater

A

innermost meninx; delicate; adheres to surface of CNS

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15
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

fills subarachnoid space, central canal, and cerebral ventricles; protects CNS and supports/cushions brain

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16
Q

choroid plexus

A

lining of ventricles that help to produce CSF; barrier between blood in brain and CSF so they don’t mix

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17
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

4 large internal chambers of brain; two lateral ventricles, and 3rd and 4th ventricles

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18
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle

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19
Q

neuron

A

cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals

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20
Q

cell body

A

metabolic center of neuron (soma)

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21
Q

cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that encloses neuron

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22
Q

dendrites

A

short processes emanating from cell body which receive most synaptic contacts from other neurons

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23
Q

axon hillock

A

cone shaped region at junction between axon and cell body

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24
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulation around many axons

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25
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths

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26
Q

buttons

A

button-like endings of axon branches which release chemicals into synapses

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27
Q

synapse

A

gap between adjacent neurons which chemical signals are transmitted

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28
Q

multipolar

A

more than 2 processes extending from cell body

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29
Q

unipolar

A

one process extending from cell body

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30
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes extending from cell body

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31
Q

interneuron

A

short to no axon

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32
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

system of folded membranes in cell body; rough portions play a role in synthesis of proteins; smooth portions play a role in synthesis of fats

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33
Q

cytoplasm

A

clear internal fluid

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34
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis site on endoplasmic reticulum

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35
Q

Golgi complex

A

system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles

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36
Q

nucleus

A

spherical DNA-containing structure

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37
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of aerobic energy release

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38
Q

microtubules

A

responsible for rapid transport of material throughout neurons

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39
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitters ready to release near synapses

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40
Q

neurotransmitters

A

molecules that are released from active neurons and influence other cell activity

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41
Q

In CNS, clusters of cell bodies are

A

nuclei

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42
Q

In PNS, clusters of cell bodies are

A

ganglia

43
Q

In CNS, bundles of axons are

A

tracts

44
Q

In PNS, bundles of axons are

A

nerves

45
Q

Glial cells

A

provides physical/metabolic support to neurons; equal to number of neurons

46
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

wrap around axons of neurons of CNS
extensions rich in myelin so they form myelin sheaths that increase speed of axonal conduction

47
Q

Schwann cells

A

similar function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS; one myelin segment; can guide axonal regeneration after damage

48
Q

microglia

A

smaller; responds to injury by multiplying or engulfing other cells/debris

49
Q

astrocytes

A

largest glial cell; star shaped
extensions cover outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through brain and contact with neurons
allowing/blocking chemicals from blood into CNS
can contract/relax blood vessels

50
Q

anterior

A

towards nose end

51
Q

posterior

A

towards tail end

52
Q

dorsal

A

towards surface of back or top of head

53
Q

ventral

A

towards surface of chest or bottom of head

54
Q

medial

A

towards midline

55
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

56
Q

superior

A

top of head

57
Q

inferior

A

bottom of head

58
Q

proximal

A

close to

59
Q

distal

A

far from

60
Q

3 main brain planes

A

horizontal, frontal, sagittal

61
Q

midsagittal section

A

section cut down center of brain between two hemispheres

62
Q

cross section

A

section cut at right angle to any long, narrow structure

63
Q

Spinal cord gray matter

A

inner h-shaped core
composed of cell bodies/unmyelinated neurons
processing and computing

64
Q

spinal cord white matter

A

composed of myelinated axons
transmission/carrying signals between processing centers

65
Q

5 divisions of brain from top to bottom

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

66
Q

telencephalon

A

largest division of human brain
forebrain
cerebral cortex
limbic system
basal ganglia
olfactory system

67
Q

limbic system

A

involved in behavioral/emotional responses
4 f’s: fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking

68
Q

structures of limbic system

A

amygdala
hippocampus
thalamus
hypothalamus
cingulate gyrus
fornix

69
Q

amygdala

A

helps to process any threatening stimuli; activates necessary behavior to encounter stimuli
helps process emotions in relation to stimulus
helps store memory of events/emotions

70
Q

hippocampus

A

learning and memory

71
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for motor and sensory information except for smell

72
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

visual processing
all info stops here before going to visual cortex

73
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains homeostasis by influencing ANS and regulating hormones

74
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

helps regulate emotions and pain

75
Q

fornix

A

cognition, episodic memory recall

76
Q

basal ganglia

A

plays role in voluntary motor response and decision making

77
Q

structures of basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
substantia nigra
globus pallidus
sub thalamic nucleus
nucleus accumbens

78
Q

striatum

A

directing movements and decision making

79
Q

caudate nucleus

A

planning execution of movement, learning, memory, reward, motivation, emotion

80
Q

putamen

A

learning, motor control, speech, language, reward

81
Q

substantia nigra

A

dopamine production

82
Q

globus pallidus

A

controls conscious and proprioceptive movements

83
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

reward circuit, motivation, action

84
Q

diencephalon

A

forebrain, thalamus and hypothalamus, massa intermedia

85
Q

massa intermedia

A

links thalamus across midline to third ventricle

86
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain and brainstem
vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, arousal, alertness, temperature regulation

87
Q

tectum

A

auditory and visual reflexes, eye movements
superior and inferior colliculi

88
Q

superior colliculus

A

visual and auditory, somatic sensory info

89
Q

inferior colliculus

A

auditory, processes frequency specific information

90
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

between inferior colliculi and auditory cortex
relaying system for auditory system

91
Q

tegmenjtum

A

arousal, consciousness, sleep and wake cycles
reticular formation

92
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal and consciousness

93
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

modulation of pain, sympathetic nervous system

94
Q

red nucleus

A

connected to cerebellum, cerebral cortex and spinal cord
motor control and coordination

95
Q

metencephalon

A

pons
cerebellum

96
Q

pons

A

unconscious processes, such as sleep and breathing

97
Q

cerebellum

A

posture and balance, modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body movements

98
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla

99
Q

medulla

A

unconscious processes like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing

100
Q

corpus callosum

A

communication between both hemispheres

101
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

characterized by rigidity, tremors and poverty of voluntary movement
loss of nerve cells in substantial nigra

102
Q

optic chiasm

A

point at which optic nerves from each eye come together; create x-shape
enables vision

103
Q

mammillary bodies

A

pair of spherical nuclei located behind pituitary gland
recollective memory

104
Q

hippocampus trilateral path

A

entorhinal cortex - perforant path - dentate gyrus - mossy fibers - Cornu ammonia 3 (CA3) - Shaffer collaterals - Cornu ammonia 1 (CA1)
[ED is 31 and has PMS]

NSCI100 (1 decks)

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