NSCI 175

Question 1

What is the reductionist approach?

Answer 1

breaking down complex topics

Question 2

What are the levels of analysis?

Answer 2

1) molecular
2) cellular
3) systems
4) behavioral
5) cognitive

Question 3

Which level of analysis:

How do different neural circuits form perceptions of the external world?

Answer 3

Systems

Question 4

Which level of analysis:

What messengers allow neurons to communicate with one another?

Answer 4

Molecular

Question 5

Which level of analysis:

How does brain activity control the mind?

Answer 5

Cognitive

Question 6

Which level of analysis:

What neural systems account for gender-specific movement?

Answer 6

Behavioral

Question 7

Which level of analysis:

How do neurons become wired-together (connected) during development?

Answer 7

Cellular

Question 8

Define the 4 steps in the scientific process

Answer 8

Observation: making observations WHILE conducting research

Replication: repeat experiments to find average results

Interpretation: explain what we observe + look @ how it furthers our world

Verification: results are published + others should be able to conduct exp. and find similar results

Question 9

What is the difference between Within-Subject Experiments and Between-Subject Experiments?

Answer 9

Within-Subject has a control group that is the same set of subjects tested while between subject has a control group separate from the experimental group

Question 10

What is an example of a Within-Subject Experiment?

Answer 10

They test cognitive function on a group of people before getting high + get same group high + test cognitive function after.

Question 11

Which animal model would be best to use in a cognitive neuroscience experiment?

A)Fly
B)Fish
C)Rodent
D)Non-Human Primate

Answer 11

Non-Human Primate

Question 12

What is the difference between Animal Rights and Animal Welfare?

Answer 12

Animal Welfare: minimal # of animals are used, treated well, recognize moral responsibility towards animals

Animal Rights: animals NEVER used, animals=humans, For the ethical treatment of animals

Question 13

What did C. Golgi and S. Ramon Cajal disagree about?

Answer 13

Cajal said neurons were connected through contact, not continuity (Neuron Doctrine) while Golgi said neurons were a continuous network (Reticular Theory).

Question 14

What is the difference between the Neuron Doctrine and the Reticular Theory?

Answer 14

Neuron Doctrine says that neurons are connected through contact not continuity and that the cell theory also applies to neuronal cells

Reticular theory states that neurons are in a continuous network - they are fused together making a nerve net - and that neurons are an exception to the cell theory

Question 15

What part of the neuron:

Neurite specialized to conduct nerve impulses or action potentials

Answer 15

Axon

Question 16

What part of the neuron:

wrapping around axons

Answer 16

Myelin

Question 17

What part of the neuron:

Neurite specialized to receive inputs from other neurons

Answer 17

Dendrites

Question 18

What part of the neuron:

Region of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles

Answer 18

Cell Body or Soma

Question 19

What part of the neuron:

End region of the axon and usual site of synaptic contact with another cell

Answer 19

Axon Terminal

Question 20

How are neurons specialized for communication?

Answer 20

x

Question 21

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 21

Interneuron, Motor, Sensory

Primary + Secondary

Question 22

How do Glial cells contribute to brain function?

Answer 22

by insulating, supporting, and nourishing neighboring neurons

Question 23

Which cell type is the most prominent in the brain?

Answer 23

Glial Cells

Question 24

What is immunohistochemistry?

Answer 24

molecular biology technique in which antibodies are used to selectively identify targets in cells of a tissue section

uses protein

Question 25

What is the approximate neuron to glia ratio?

Answer 25

1:1

Question 26

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 26

remove debris and dying cells

Question 27

What is the function of neurons?

Answer 27

generate and conduct nerve impulses

Question 28

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 28

insulate axons with myelin

Question 29

What are Ependymal Cells and what is their role?

Answer 29

found surrounding the fluid-filled ventricles

play a role in directing cell migration during the development

Question 30

What are Microglia and what is their role?

Answer 30

innate immune cell of the CNS

function as phagocytes to remove debris left by dead or degenerating glia

Question 31

What are the two types of Myelinating Glia and what is their role?

Answer 31

Oligodendrocytes + Schwan cells

insulate axons with myelin

Question 32

What does Myelin do?

Answer 32

serves to speed up the propogation of nerve impulses down the axon

Question 33

What are Astrocytes and what is their role?

Answer 33

fill up the spaces btw neurons

associated with neurite growth

regulate chemical content of extracellular space which facilitates synaptic transmission

Question 34

Which type of cells are the most numerous glia in the brain?

Answer 34

Astrocytes

Question 35

What are the four Histological Procedures?

Answer 35

NISSL Staining
Golgi Staining
Immunohistochemistry
In-Situ Hybridization

Question 36

What are the four Histological Procedures?

Answer 36

NISSL Staining
Golgi Staining
Immunohistochemistry
In-Situ Hybridization

Question 37

Describe Golgi Staining

Answer 37

only stains some neurons

primary use = can draw and trace a cell

this is how we found out how the nervous system is structured

Question 38

Describe In-Situ Hybridization

Answer 38

uses probe or complementary mRNA strand