NSC 232 EXAM 3 Flashcards
kidneys?
- most people have 2.
- they are bean shaped and are located at 11th and 12th rib area.
- about the size of an orange
- weigh 150g
- Form and produce urine
Ureters
- connects kidneys to the bladder.
- muscular tubes that propel urine through a periostolic movement.
- have nerve endings
Bladder
- 2 spinchters where ureters connect that close in order to prevent reflux of urine
- have stretch receptors that detect the stretch of the bladder wall and send a signal that it is time to void.
Urethra
- small tube that drains the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
- Female: 1.5 in
- Male: 8 to 9 in
Void
discharge or emit urine
Urination
medical term for evacuating the urine from the bladder
Micturition
discharge of urine from the bladder
how much volume can bladder hold?
250-450 mL
What is the final control of the bladder?
Cerebral cortex
Process of micturition
Urine collects in the bladder, pressure stimulates receptors in the bladder wall.
The receptors transmit impulses to the spinal cord
Internal and external spinchters relax, pushing urine through the urethra.
What are the factors that affect elimination?
Lifestyle factors Psychosocial Activity & exercise Developmental factors Physiological factors
What is the normal color and odor of urine?
Normal- yellowish and clear, faint smelling
Abnormal- orange or reddish and cloudy, strong smelling
URINE SHOULD BE FREE OF MICROBES
Range of pH of urine?
4.5-8
Specific gravity range
1.010 to 1.0125
Things that should not be in urine
- glucose
- ketone bodies (made by breakdown of muscle)
- blood
Dysuria
discomfort, pain, or burning when urinating
Oliguria
small amounts of urine, typically less than 30 mL/hr or 500mL/day
Anuria
Absence of urine
less than 100 mL/day
Polyuria
Large amounts of urine
more than 2000mL/day
Enuresis
Involuntary urination while sleeping
Urinary obstruction
Blocking urination
Kidney stones, sludge, swelling
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Caused by bacteria entering the urinary Tract
- frequent urge to urinate, burning while urinating, pelvic pain, strong smelling Urine
Urinary Incontinence
Involuntary urination
Retention
Abikily to hold in urine
Urinary diversion
Surgical procedure to reroute urine
How can you prevent UTI’s?
- take showers (personal hygeine)
- drink 6 to 8 glasses of water daily
- practice frequent voiding
- avoid harsh soaps, bubble baths, powders or sprays, tight clothing
- wear cotton underclothes
- wipe front to back
- wash hands
Stress incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine by increased abdominal pressure
- ex: coughing
Urge incontinence
Frequency of urine in small amounts
- ex: UTIS’s
Total incontinence
No control over urine at all
- ex: muscle related problems
Factors related to urinary incontinence?
- muscle function
- bladder infection
- impaired ability
- environmental barriers
Urinary Retention characteristics
Unable to void
Overflow incontinence
Bladder stretches to its limits
Factors related to urinary retention?
post surgical clients, indwelling catheter recently removed, obstructions
how to measure urine output
empty urine into graduate, voiding urine hat or urinal from catheter
Residual urine
what is left in the bladder after urination
How do you measure residual urine?
Pt voids, then collect.
use in and out catheter to collect urine left in bladder
Standard catheter size?
16 French
Catheter sizes
Use French scale
#14 fr to #16 fr (16 is larger)
men may require larger size than female
How to care for client with an indwelling catheter?
- encourage water
- watch intake of foods that create acidic urine
- good perennial care
- change only when necessary
- maintain a sterile field when inserting and after remain sterile around site of insertion
- hand hygeine
Responsibility for actions
what a nurse can or can’t do
Dispensing controlled substances
Must be kept under key
whenever you take one out, count how many are left and count how many are left at the end of the shift.
2 nurses must witness
Medication
substance administered for the diagnosis, cure, or treatment or relief of symptoms for prevention of disease
Mechanism of action
changes the medicine causes in the cell of the body to produce the desired effect
Therapeutic effect
Intended effect
Side effects
Things that happen after someone takes the medication
Adverse effects
Mild to severe reactions
Drug interwctions
The interactions between 2 or more drugs
Pharmacokinetics
branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body
Part 1: absorption of medication
transference of drug molecules from the point of entry until it reaches the blood stream
Part 2: Distribution of medication
stets with the absorption of the medicine into circulation and ends when it arrives at the site of action
part 3: biotransformation
process of in activating and breaking down the medication
part 4: excretion
movement of the medicine from the site of metabolism back into circulation and then transported out of the body
Drug allergy
immunologic reaction to drug
Drug tolerance
need increasing doses to maintain a therapeutic effect
Components and processing of medication orders
date and time medication name dose route frequency signature
Standing orders
routine basis
PRN orders
as needed
Single orders
one time only
STAT orders
immediately
oral route (po)
sublingual- absorbed through mucous membranes under the tongue
buccal- absorbs through cheek
Enteric coating
a coating designed to pass through the stomach unaltered and disintegrate in the intestines
Routes of non-parenteral medication
topical rectal vaginally transdermal inhalation ophthalmic otic nasal
6 rights of medication administration
Right…
- drug
- dose
- patient
- route
- time
- documentation
10 rights of accurate medication administration
Right..
- medication
- dose
- time
- route
- patient
- documentation
- education
- refuse
- assesment
- evaluation
