Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nervous System Biology > NSB 1. Overview of the Nervous System and Development > Flashcards

NSB 1. Overview of the Nervous System and Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells that transmit nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are glia?

A

non-neuronal cells in the central and peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are microglia?

A

macrophages found in the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Central Nervous system consist of?

A

[1] brain
[2] brain stem
[3] spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous system consist of?

A

all the nerves in the body that are found outside the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

[1] Cell Body
[2] Dendrites
[3] Axon
[4] Nerve Terminals/Synaptic Vesicles/Neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are glial cells? What are the different types of glial cells?

A

Glial Cells: they provide structural support and myelin to the nervous system

[1] Astrocytes
[2] Oligodendocytes
[3] Schwann Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different types of supporting cells of the nervous system? [3]

A

[1] Astrocytes
- provide structural support/blood brain barrier

[2] Oligodendrocytes
- form myelin in CNS

[3] Schwann Cells
- produce myeline in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many lobes are in the cerebrum of the brain?

A

4 lobes

  • Frontal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum: consists of the right and left cerebral hemisphere + 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal + occipital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

it is the final part of the brain before the spinal cord begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A
  • “little brain”

- posterior aspect of hte brain/brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main divisions of the brain?

A

[1] Cerebrum
[2] Brainstem
[3] Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 parts that the brainstem is divided into?

A

[1] Midbrain
[2] Pons (latin for bridge, due to its shape)
[3] Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the hindbrain consists of?

A
  • pons
  • medulla
  • cerebellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

connects the right and the left hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the grey matter of the brain consist of?

A
  • neural tissue that is grey in colour
  • on the OUTER SIDE
  • comprised of neural cell bodies (where the nuclei/ganglie in the brain)
  • along with other connective tissue and immune cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the white matter of the brain consist of?

A
  • neural tissue that is white in colour
  • on the INNER SIDE
  • comprised of myelinated axons (which gives it its white colour
  • along with other connective tissue and immune cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the cortex of the brain located? What is it made up of?

A

Cortex: the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres

- composed of folds of grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are gyrus’ in the brain?

A

Gyrus: convex folds of grey matter

- “mountains” in the cortices of the cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the sulcus’ in the brain?

A

Sulcus: the concave folds of grey matter

- “valleys” in the cortices of the cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are association fibres?

A

they are fibres that interconnect the cortical sites WITHIN one cerebral hemisphere
- “individual bits of the hemisphere”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the commissural fibres?

A

they are fibres that run from one cerebral hemisphere to the other

  • e.g. corpus callosum
  • between the right and left hemisphere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

they are fibres that pass from the cerebral cortex to the subcortical structures
- head south to the brain stem + spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

it means on the SAME SIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

it means on the OPPOSITE SIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

to switch from one side to the other

28
Q

What is an example of decussation that occurs in the brain?

A
  • from the cerebral cortex to cerebellum it decussates 2 times
  • RIGHT CEREBRAL CORTEX supports LEFT SIDE of body
  • LEFT CEREBRAL CORTEX supports RIGHT SIDE of body
  • RIGHT CEREBELLUM supports RIGHT SIDE of body
  • LEFT CEREBELLUM supports LEFT SIDE of body
29
Q

What is the difference between cranial and spinal nerves?

A

Cranial Nerves: a set of 12 pairs of nerves the emerge directly from the brain (as distinct from spinal nerves)
- supplies eyes, smell, vision

Spinal Nerves: nerves that exit from spinal cord
- from below the brain stem

30
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

[1] Afferent (Sensory)
[2] Efferent (Memory)
[3] Interneurons

31
Q

What type of neurons are afferent neurons?

A
  • sensory neurons
  • A for Arriving
  • message goes up to a higher centre
  • 3 neuron pathways
32
Q

What type of neurons are efferent neurons?

A
  • motor neurons
  • E for Exiting
  • message comes down from higher centre
  • 2 neuron pathways (upper + lower neuron)
33
Q

How many neuron pathways do afferent neurons have?

A

3 neuron pathways

34
Q

How many neuron pathways do efferent neurons have?

A

2 neuron pathways

35
Q

What are interneurons?

A

they relay signals between afferent and efferent neurons

- the connecting bit

36
Q

Are efferent or afferent neurons more complicated?

A

afferent (sensory) neurons are more complicated

37
Q

What are the meningeal layers of the brain from inside to out? (include the spaces!)

A 
[1] Pia Mater
[2] Subarachnoid Space
[3] Arachnoid Matar
[4] Subdural Space
[5] Dura Mater
[6] Extradural Space
38
Q

List the characteristics of the Pia Mater

A
  • soft
  • innermost layer
  • very outer layer of brain tissue
  • intimately connected with brain
39
Q

What is found in the Subarachnoid Space?

A

the cerebral spinous fluid (CSF)

40
Q

List the characteristics of the Arachnoid Mater

A
  • middle layer

- thin, transparent tisue that covers the brain (most obviously visible where it overlies the sulci)

41
Q

List the characteristics of the Dura Mater

A
  • thick, fibrous connective tissue
  • often more intimately associated with the skull
  • forms partitions between the hemispheres
42
Q

What is the trilaminar disc? What is it made up of? Explain what it is made up of.

A

It is an embryo which exists as 3 different germ layers:
[1] Ectoderm
- all epidermis + nervous system

[2] Mesoderm

  • bone, muscle, connective tissue + dermis
  • the “stuffing”

[3] Endoderm
- inner lining of the gastrointestinal tract + respiratory tract

43
Q

What are the 2 places in the early embryo (14 to 16 days) in which the ectoderm and endoderm have a direct connection? (there is no mesoderm in between)

A

[1] Oropharyngeal Membrane

  • anterior to the stomodeum
  • gives rise to the MOUTH

[2] Cloacal Membrane

  • posterior to the proctodeum
  • gives rise to the ANUS
44
Q

Explain the basic embryological steps involved in gastrulation (starting from bilaminar disc to formation of neural tube)

A

[1] bilayer embryonic disc is formed
- has 2 layers: epiblast + hypoblast

[2] Gastrulation occurs
- bilaminar disc differentiates to establish 3 germ layers

[3] Primitive Streak forms
- thickened structure forms in middle of epiblast near caudal end

[4] Primitive Node
- at the cranial end of primitive streak it expands

[5] Invagination occurs

  • epiblast is pulled inwards towards the primitive streak
  • hypoblast cells replaced
  • mesoderm formed

[6] Notochord is formed

  • from primitive node, prenotochordal cells migrate down the midline towards the cranial end
  • the primitive streak degenerates + disappears
  • derived from the mesoderm
  • lies beneath the neural tube
45
Q

What is the bilaminar disc? What is it made up of?

A

Bilaminar Disc is made up of 2 layers: epiblast and hypoblast

  • epiblast associated with amnion
  • hypoblast associated with primitive yolk sac
46
Q

What is the notochord?

A

a cartilaginous rod, positioned dorsally and longitudinally

- lies underneath the neural tube

47
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

a hollow structure from which the brain and spinal cord form

48
Q

What do the neural crest cells contribute to?

A

[1] neurons + glial cells of the sensory (sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous systems)

[2] epinephrine-producing (medulla) cells of the adrenal gland

[3] pigment-containing cells of the epidermis

[4] many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of the head

49
Q

When does the zipping process (of the neural tube) begin? When does the neural tube finish zipping and is completely closed?

A

Starts: Day 22

End: Day 27

  • tube closes completely at cranial end 3/4 days later
  • tube closes completely at caudal (tail) end 2/3 days later
50
Q

When does the neuralation process fully complete?

A

zipping and closure of the neural tube is done around day 27

51
Q

What does the broader end/region (cranial side) of the neural tube form?

A

it forms the brain

52
Q

What does the narrower end/region (caudal side) of the neural tube form?

A

it forms the spinal cord

53
Q

At the same time that the neural tube is forming, what is going on with the embryo?

A

folding of the embryo is occurring

54
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the brain during development?

A

[1] Prosencephalon
- forebrain

[2] Mesencephalon
- midbrain

[3] Rhombencephalon
- hindbrain

55
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the Prosencephalon?

A

[1] Telencephalon

  • superiorly
  • frontal love, parietal love, occipital love and temporal lobe

[2] Diencephalon

  • inferiorly
  • thalamus, hypothalamus (epi/subthalamus)
56
Q

What is the telencephalon made up of?

A

[1] frontal lobe
[2] parietal lobe
[3] occipital lobe
[4] temporal lobe

57
Q

What is the diencephalon made up of?

A

[1] thalamus

[2] hypothalamus (epi/subthalamus)

58
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the Rhomboencephalon?

A

[1] Metencephalon

[2] Myelencephalon

59
Q

What is the metencephalon made up of?

A

[1] pons

[2] cerebellum

60
Q

What is the myelencephalon made up of?

A

medulla

61
Q

What are somites? What are they made from? What do they form?

A
  • paraxial mesoderm forms into definitive blocks of cells called somites on either side of notochord/neural tube
  • forms the sclerotomes, myotomes and dermatomes
62
Q

In what region does zipping begin and where does it extend to?

A
  • zipping begins in the middle of the embryos back

- it extends cranially and caudally until zipped up

63
Q

What does Spina Bifida an error in?

A

Spina bifida arises from an error of the zipping up of the neural tube
- it is a failed closure

64
Q

What is neuralation?

A

the process by which the neural tube is formed (from the neural plate)
- aka zipping

65
Q

What is meningocele?

A
  • birth defect
  • sac is protruding from the spinal column
  • the sac includes spinal fluid, but no neural tissue!
66
Q

What is meningoencephalocele?

A
  • birth defect
  • sac is protruding from the spinal column
  • the sac includes spinal fluid and neural tissue (brain tissue)

Nervous System Biology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions