NS Full Length Flashcards
Cross’s Theory of Nigrescence or Racial Identity Development
- Pre-encounter: African-Americans tend to view majority of Caucasian culture as more desirable and superior
- Encounter: Realize and acknowledge impact of racism in one’s life; forced to focus on identity as a member of a group targeted by racism
- Immersion/Emersion: Views majority of Caucasian culture with resentment and distrust and prefer to be treated by someone of his or her own race. Has desire to surround self w/ visible symbols of one’s racial identity
- Internalization: Secure in one’s own sense of racial identity; pro-black attitude becomes more expansive, open, and less defensive = okay with Whites
- Internalization-Commitment: found ways to translate one’s personal sense of blackness into a plan of action or a general sense of commitment to concerns of blacks as a group; comfort with one’s own race and those around them
Social constructionism
asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is primarily language.
Symbolic interactionism
focuses on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interactions.
e.g., smoking: in some groups, can be seen as trendy while in others, can be seen negatively
conflict theory
emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. Sees society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Social order maintained by those with most power, usually those with greatest political, economic, and social capital
functionalism
views society as a system of interconnected parts that carry out a specific role that enables them to cooperate to maintain social equilibrium for society as a whole.
structural strain theory
traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused by the gap between societal goals and the means people have available to achieve said goals.
anomie
describes social instability caused by the breakdown of social bonds, such as social norms, between individuals and communities
rational choice theory
people make individualistic, rational, and calculated decisions about all things in their lives
weighs costs and benefits of any action before deciding what to do
game theory
views social interaction as a game in which there will be winners, losers, and proper ways to “play” in order to achieve “victory”
social exchange theory
views society as a series of interactions that are based on estimates of rewards and punishments
posits that interactions are determined by the rewards or punishments that we receive from others
Distress
negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body
it happens when you perceive a situation to be threatening to you some way and your body becomes primed to respond to the threat
eustress
positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating; usually enjoyable
neustress
neutral type of stress. Happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you. For example, news about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doesn’t perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you aren’t affected
bystander effect
a phenomenon in social psych where people stand by during a situation where someone else is at risk. They do not intervene.
Deindividuation
happens when a person in a group loses awareness of their individuality and acting in a way that they wouldn’t normally act if they were alone. The review doesn’t describe whether or not the physicians engaged in unethical behavior, just if they witnessed it.
high degree of arousal, low sense of responsibility
main factors: anonymity, diffused responsibility, and group size
Social loafing
happens when one person in a group doesn’t take on their share of the responsibility–common in group projects
group polarization
refers to the tendency to adopt extreme views when in a group
group think
refers to when a group of people has such a strong desire for harmony and individual conformity that the group makes irrational decisions
social facilitation
tendency that people have to perform simple tasks better or more efficiently when in the presence of other people
when performing a complex or new task, presence of others can hinder one’s performance
James-Lange Theory
A stimulus triggers a physiological response, which then leads to the subjective conscious experience of emotion
e.g., watching a scary movie => heart rate elevated => perceives fear
Cannon-Bard theory
cognitive and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously and independently of one another, with a behavioral response following them. Lacks elements of cognitive appraisal, or conscious thought about how one’s situation may impact the emotion(s) felt
Schachter-Singer theory
states that a stimulus first leads to physiological arousal, then a cognitive interpretation of the circumstances, and finally a perception of emotion
see a bear (stimulus) => label this stimulus as scary => get scared
Ekman’s Seven universal human emotions
anger contempt disgust fear happiness sadness surprise
2nd row of keyboard (6)
ASDFGH
(Anger, Surprise, Disgust, Fear, Gloomy (sad), Happiness)
what are a couple hormones associated with social bonding and love?
B-endorphins and oxytocin
The Stroop effect
the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information
Cognitive dissonance
feeling of intense discomfort that arises when we have two or more contradictory beliefs or when our beliefs and behavior are at odds.
attribution theory
relates to how we “attribute” (assign) perceived causes of behaviors and events
an attempt by an individual to interpret actions by assigning causes to them
primary socialization
refers to the learning of acceptable actions and attitudes during childhood, mostly from observation of our parents, siblings, friends, teachers, and other authority figures
