NS FL#1 Flashcards
Effect of High Conc of Ingested Salt into the blood
Produce a relatively concentrated, or hypertonic solution. [NaCl doesn’t readily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer, however water can diffuse via osmosis, resulting in a flow of water out of cell in an attempt for isotonic solution]
Boiling Point is defined as
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
Why does ICE float in water?
Solid ICE is LESS Dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding that can occur between water molecules, yielding solid crystalline structure with relatively large amounts of empty space.
Compare polar to solubility (Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acid)
the more polar a compound is, the higher its solubility in aqueous solution. The Carboxylic acid group, if deprotonated, will be much more soluble in water than the aldehyde group.
What separation technique would be used to separate an acidic compound from a fairly neutral one?
An extraction technique with a dilute weak base (such as a solution of sodium bicarbonate)
What is the purpose of using Boiling Chips during distillation?
When transitioning from liquid to gas during boiling, the liquid needs nucleation sites, or places to start forming bubbles. This is typically done by introducing boiling chips
Vacuum distillation is used for
lowering the boiling points of the substances to be distilled
Difference in melting/boiling of Alcohol/Carboxylic Acid/Aldehydes/Ketones
Alcohols and Carboxylic acids have higher melting/boiling pts than aldehydes and ketones due to Hydrogen bonds among them
Equation of a torque
T=Fdsin(theta)
Three ways to increase the Torque applied to an object
- Increase the Force
- Increasing the distance at which the force is applied from the fulcrum
- Adjusting the angle at which the force is applied to make it as close as possible to perpendicular to the lever arm
Newton’s First Law
Inertia. An object remains at rest or at a constant velocity unless an external force acts upon it. Fnet=0
Newton’s Second Law
Force. Total sum of forces acting on an object is equivalent to its mass ties its acceleration. This is the familiar equation of Fnet=ma
Newton’s Third Law
Every reaction has exact equal and opposite reaction. It states that when body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A: Fab=-Fba
What is True about Diatomic Nitrogen Gas?
Diatomic nitrogen gas is relatively inert and can be used as the atmosphere in laboratory conditions to prevent unwanted side reactions.
Bond angle and hybridization of acetone
120; sp2
What reagent could be used to go from Aldehyde to Primary Alcohol?
LiAlH4 is a reducing agent capable of performing this reaction.
A primary alcohol can be be oxidized to an aldehyde by
a mild oxidizing agent (PCC)
A primary alcohol can be be oxidized to Carboxylic Acid by
Strong Oxidizing agent like Na2Cr2O7
What is one strong agent that can reduce Carboxylic Acid to an alcohol
LiAlH4
Name two biological substances that are likely derived from tarpenes?
Aldosterone & Estrogen. They are lipophilic
IR frequency range of Carbonyl (C=O)
1700-1750 cm-1
IR frequency range of OH
3200-3500 cm-1
In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from
species with less positive reduction potential to those with more positive reduction potential.
One main difference between electrolytic and galvanic cells
In contrast to galvanic cell, an electrolytic cell uses a connected power source to conduct a nonspecific redox reaction. While galvanic cells have positive Ecell values, electrolytic cells are characterized by negative Ecell values.
Equation of Ecell
Ecell= Ecathode-Eanode
Spontaneous Gibbs Free Energy mean
At equilibrium, the products of the reaction predominate over the reactant. Keq > 1
The angle of incidence is always equal to
angle of reflection
Sequence in which information travels from the CNS to the periphery
Cerebral Cortex-Spinal Cord-Efferent neurons-Interneurons-Motor neurons-muscle tissue
Main purpose to L-DOPA
To increase dopamine concentrations (typically to treat Parkinson’s disease)
Path of AP
Action Potential begin at the axon hillock and move down the axon toward the synapse.
Which DNA codon is same as mRNA?
Sense Codons.
Hybridization
describes a process of binding through complementary nucleotides
Innate Immune System
nonspecific immune responses. Its responses provide general protection, rather than protection against specific pathogens that have been previously encountered and remembered. Inflammation is a function of the innate immune response
Adaptive Immunity
is directed against particular pathogens to which the body has been previously exposed. These pathogens are “remembered” by specialized cells, leading to quicker response in the case of a second exposure.
Examples of Adaptive Immune System
B-Cells and T-cells. Both of which are lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the lymphatic system.
Different classes of antibodies are mainly differentiated by
their heavy chains
How is Erthrocytes differ from Eosinophil?
Unlike almost all cells in the human body, erythrocytes (RBC) do not contain DNA or a membrane-bound nucleus. This allows these cells to have more space for oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules.
Aquaporins transport of water is what type of transport
Passive Transport
If the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell, then the solution is
Hypotonic; So the water will move into the cell
Hypertonic Environment
Water moves out of the cell since the environment has higher solutes than the cell
Stimulation of the iris dilator muscle is a result of activation of?
Sympathetic motor neurons
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS are part of what type of NS
Autonomic Nervous system which is part of Efferent(motor) neurons thats part of Peripheral NS
Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to what?
Low blood pressure. Its primary function is to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
Effect of Aldosterone
upregulates sodium-potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron, pumping three sodium ions OUT of the nephron lining (and towards the blood) for every two potassium ions it pumps IN (toward the nephron and away from the blood). Aldosterone also increases excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions in the urine
Effect of ANP
Atrial natriuretic factor. Uses to deal with the problem of excess blood volume. Essentially, it is the opposite of aldosterone. It is released in response to high blood volume and decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convuluted tube and the collecting duct, as well as increasing the glomerular filtration rate and inhibiting aldosterone release.
Most effective technique for sterilizing uses laboratory materials
Autoclave. An autoclave brings the materials to a temperature over 120C and a pressure over 2atm, which is enough to kill almost anything.
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Total number of alleles in the population has to add up to 1. A+a=1
Total number of genotypes must also add upto 1.
AA+2Aa+aa=1
Difference between genetic drift and bottleneck effects
Genetic drift refers to the role of chance, in the absence of strong selective pressures, in determining the reproductive fitness of various alleles. When no strong pressure exists for a certain allele, it may randomly happen to be reproduced more or less often. These random effects can add up over the course of evolution.
Bottlenecks occur when some external event dramatically reduces the size of a population in a way that is essentially random with regard to most, if not all, alleles. This dramatically reduces diversity in the gene pool.
During what phase of mitosis, does the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell along an imaginary line
metaphase
what happens during anaphase of the mitosis cycle
the sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell by shortening of the microtubules attached to the kinetochores.
What happens during Telophase?
new nuclear envelope appears around each set of chromosomes and a nucleolus reappears within each of those nuclei.
Major difference between mitosis and meiosis
Meiosis differs from mitosis in that it has two stages and results in the formation of four daughter cells, each of which has only one copy of each chromosome (haploid, n), in contrast to mitosis, which generates cells with two copies of each chromosome (diploid, 2n) that are essentially identical to their parent cell.
what happens in meiosis II?
the sister chromatids are split up into two haploid daughter cells.
Decreased number of alveoli in the lungs leads to respiratory distress because:
reduced surface area in the lungs reduces the rate at which O2 and CO2 can diffuse through the lung epithelium.
Alveoli contains sacs coated with surfactant. what is the role of surfactant
to reduce the surface tension, allowing the alveoli to remain inflated when the lung is compressed during exhalation
Net Reaction of Glycolysis
The net reaction of glycolysis is: glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
Which of the following do NOT have proteins with a nuclear localization signal?
I. E. coli
II. Homo sapiens
III. Fungi
IV. Archaea
E. Coli and Archaea are prokaryotes and since they don’t have nuclei and thus no need for nuclear localization signal on their proteins.
Difference between Analogous structure and Homologous structure
Analogous structures are those structures that evolved independently to carry out the same function. Thus, the wing of a bee and the wing of a bird are analogous structures. Homologous structures are those that have a similar evolutionary history, arising from the same source, even if they now have different functions. The forelimbs of mammals (human arm, walrus flipper, bat wing) would all be homologous despite their different functions.
