NS FL#1

Question 1

Effect of High Conc of Ingested Salt into the blood

Answer 1

Produce a relatively concentrated, or hypertonic solution. [NaCl doesn’t readily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer, however water can diffuse via osmosis, resulting in a flow of water out of cell in an attempt for isotonic solution]

Question 2

Boiling Point is defined as

Answer 2

the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the atmospheric pressure.

Question 3

Why does ICE float in water?

Answer 3

Solid ICE is LESS Dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding that can occur between water molecules, yielding solid crystalline structure with relatively large amounts of empty space.

Question 4

Compare polar to solubility (Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acid)

Answer 4

the more polar a compound is, the higher its solubility in aqueous solution. The Carboxylic acid group, if deprotonated, will be much more soluble in water than the aldehyde group.

Question 5

What separation technique would be used to separate an acidic compound from a fairly neutral one?

Answer 5

An extraction technique with a dilute weak base (such as a solution of sodium bicarbonate)

Question 6

What is the purpose of using Boiling Chips during distillation?

Answer 6

When transitioning from liquid to gas during boiling, the liquid needs nucleation sites, or places to start forming bubbles. This is typically done by introducing boiling chips

Question 7

Vacuum distillation is used for

Answer 7

lowering the boiling points of the substances to be distilled

Question 8

Difference in melting/boiling of Alcohol/Carboxylic Acid/Aldehydes/Ketones

Answer 8

Alcohols and Carboxylic acids have higher melting/boiling pts than aldehydes and ketones due to Hydrogen bonds among them

Question 9

Equation of a torque

Answer 9

T=Fdsin(theta)

Question 10

Three ways to increase the Torque applied to an object

Answer 10

1. Increase the Force
2. Increasing the distance at which the force is applied from the fulcrum
3. Adjusting the angle at which the force is applied to make it as close as possible to perpendicular to the lever arm

Question 11

Newton’s First Law

Answer 11

Inertia. An object remains at rest or at a constant velocity unless an external force acts upon it. Fnet=0

Question 12

Newton’s Second Law

Answer 12

Force. Total sum of forces acting on an object is equivalent to its mass ties its acceleration. This is the familiar equation of Fnet=ma

Question 13

Newton’s Third Law

Answer 13

Every reaction has exact equal and opposite reaction. It states that when body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts an equal and opposite force on body A: Fab=-Fba

Question 14

What is True about Diatomic Nitrogen Gas?

Answer 14

Diatomic nitrogen gas is relatively inert and can be used as the atmosphere in laboratory conditions to prevent unwanted side reactions.

Question 15

Bond angle and hybridization of acetone

Answer 15

120; sp2

Question 16

What reagent could be used to go from Aldehyde to Primary Alcohol?

Answer 16

LiAlH4 is a reducing agent capable of performing this reaction.

Question 17

A primary alcohol can be be oxidized to an aldehyde by

Answer 17

a mild oxidizing agent (PCC)

Question 18

A primary alcohol can be be oxidized to Carboxylic Acid by

Answer 18

Strong Oxidizing agent like Na2Cr2O7

Question 19

What is one strong agent that can reduce Carboxylic Acid to an alcohol

Answer 19

LiAlH4

Question 20

Name two biological substances that are likely derived from tarpenes?

Answer 20

Aldosterone & Estrogen. They are lipophilic

Question 21

IR frequency range of Carbonyl (C=O)

Answer 21

1700-1750 cm-1

Question 22

IR frequency range of OH

Answer 22

3200-3500 cm-1

Question 23

In the electron transport chain, electrons are passed from

Answer 23

species with less positive reduction potential to those with more positive reduction potential.

Question 24

One main difference between electrolytic and galvanic cells

Answer 24

In contrast to galvanic cell, an electrolytic cell uses a connected power source to conduct a nonspecific redox reaction. While galvanic cells have positive Ecell values, electrolytic cells are characterized by negative Ecell values.

Question 25

Equation of Ecell

Answer 25

Ecell= Ecathode-Eanode

Question 26

Spontaneous Gibbs Free Energy mean

Answer 26

At equilibrium, the products of the reaction predominate over the reactant. Keq > 1

Question 27

The angle of incidence is always equal to

Answer 27

angle of reflection

Question 28

Sequence in which information travels from the CNS to the periphery

Answer 28

Cerebral Cortex-Spinal Cord-Efferent neurons-Interneurons-Motor neurons-muscle tissue

Question 29

Main purpose to L-DOPA

Answer 29

To increase dopamine concentrations (typically to treat Parkinson’s disease)

Question 30

Path of AP

Answer 30

Action Potential begin at the axon hillock and move down the axon toward the synapse.

Question 31

Which DNA codon is same as mRNA?

Answer 31

Sense Codons.

Question 32

Hybridization

Answer 32

describes a process of binding through complementary nucleotides

Question 33

Innate Immune System

Answer 33

nonspecific immune responses. Its responses provide general protection, rather than protection against specific pathogens that have been previously encountered and remembered. Inflammation is a function of the innate immune response

Question 34

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 34

is directed against particular pathogens to which the body has been previously exposed. These pathogens are “remembered” by specialized cells, leading to quicker response in the case of a second exposure.

Question 35

Examples of Adaptive Immune System

Answer 35

B-Cells and T-cells. Both of which are lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the lymphatic system.

Question 36

Different classes of antibodies are mainly differentiated by

Answer 36

their heavy chains

Question 37

How is Erthrocytes differ from Eosinophil?

Answer 37

Unlike almost all cells in the human body, erythrocytes (RBC) do not contain DNA or a membrane-bound nucleus. This allows these cells to have more space for oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecules.

Question 38

Aquaporins transport of water is what type of transport

Answer 38

Passive Transport

Question 39

If the solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the cell, then the solution is

Answer 39

Hypotonic; So the water will move into the cell

Question 40

Hypertonic Environment

Answer 40

Water moves out of the cell since the environment has higher solutes than the cell

Question 41

Stimulation of the iris dilator muscle is a result of activation of?

Answer 41

Sympathetic motor neurons

Question 42

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS are part of what type of NS

Answer 42

Autonomic Nervous system which is part of Efferent(motor) neurons thats part of Peripheral NS

Question 43

Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to what?

Answer 43

Low blood pressure. Its primary function is to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct.

Question 44

Effect of Aldosterone

Answer 44

upregulates sodium-potassium pumps along the lining of the nephron, pumping three sodium ions OUT of the nephron lining (and towards the blood) for every two potassium ions it pumps IN (toward the nephron and away from the blood). Aldosterone also increases excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions in the urine

Question 45

Effect of ANP

Answer 45

Atrial natriuretic factor. Uses to deal with the problem of excess blood volume. Essentially, it is the opposite of aldosterone. It is released in response to high blood volume and decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convuluted tube and the collecting duct, as well as increasing the glomerular filtration rate and inhibiting aldosterone release.

Question 46

Most effective technique for sterilizing uses laboratory materials

Answer 46

Autoclave. An autoclave brings the materials to a temperature over 120C and a pressure over 2atm, which is enough to kill almost anything.

Question 47

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Answer 47

Total number of alleles in the population has to add up to 1. A+a=1
Total number of genotypes must also add upto 1.
AA+2Aa+aa=1

Question 48

Difference between genetic drift and bottleneck effects

Answer 48

Genetic drift refers to the role of chance, in the absence of strong selective pressures, in determining the reproductive fitness of various alleles. When no strong pressure exists for a certain allele, it may randomly happen to be reproduced more or less often. These random effects can add up over the course of evolution.
Bottlenecks occur when some external event dramatically reduces the size of a population in a way that is essentially random with regard to most, if not all, alleles. This dramatically reduces diversity in the gene pool.

Question 49

During what phase of mitosis, does the chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell along an imaginary line

Answer 49

metaphase

Question 50

what happens during anaphase of the mitosis cycle

Answer 50

the sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell by shortening of the microtubules attached to the kinetochores.

Question 51

What happens during Telophase?

Answer 51

new nuclear envelope appears around each set of chromosomes and a nucleolus reappears within each of those nuclei.

Question 52

Major difference between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 52

Meiosis differs from mitosis in that it has two stages and results in the formation of four daughter cells, each of which has only one copy of each chromosome (haploid, n), in contrast to mitosis, which generates cells with two copies of each chromosome (diploid, 2n) that are essentially identical to their parent cell.

Question 53

what happens in meiosis II?

Answer 53

the sister chromatids are split up into two haploid daughter cells.

Question 54

Decreased number of alveoli in the lungs leads to respiratory distress because:

Answer 54

reduced surface area in the lungs reduces the rate at which O2 and CO2 can diffuse through the lung epithelium.

Question 55

Alveoli contains sacs coated with surfactant. what is the role of surfactant

Answer 55

to reduce the surface tension, allowing the alveoli to remain inflated when the lung is compressed during exhalation

Question 56

Net Reaction of Glycolysis

Answer 56

The net reaction of glycolysis is: glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O

Question 57

Which of the following do NOT have proteins with a nuclear localization signal?

I. E. coli

II. Homo sapiens

III. Fungi

IV. Archaea

Answer 57

E. Coli and Archaea are prokaryotes and since they don’t have nuclei and thus no need for nuclear localization signal on their proteins.

Question 58

Difference between Analogous structure and Homologous structure

Answer 58

Analogous structures are those structures that evolved independently to carry out the same function. Thus, the wing of a bee and the wing of a bird are analogous structures. Homologous structures are those that have a similar evolutionary history, arising from the same source, even if they now have different functions. The forelimbs of mammals (human arm, walrus flipper, bat wing) would all be homologous despite their different functions.