ns 201 midterm 2 Flashcards
French settlement without getting permission from the Indigenous peoples in the area, the colonists were continually hassled by the local peoples. Bad relationships combined with supplies running out caused the French to disband this settlement and return to France. This first effort to colonize Canada was brief and ended in 1543. The French were the first Europeans to succeed in setting up a colony in Canada.
Champlain:
In 1603, Samuel de Champlain arrived at Tadoussac and formalized an alliance with the Innu (or Montagnais) following Indigenous customs
A few years later in 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City in New France
At this time, the Stadaconans and Hochelagans, the groups of people that Cartier had met, were not living along the St. Lawrence River anymore
It could be that they were driven out by Kanien’kehaka Mohawk groups, who wanted to take over control over this key trade area. It is likely that the St. Lawrence Haudenosaunee had moved further west and merged with the Wendat. This area had been an important region of Indigenous trading long before the French arrived, and so, such conflicts were not new.
The territories encompassing the numbered treaties includes:
Between the lake of the Woods in the east, the Rocky Mountains in the West and the Beaufort Sea to the North
The Northwest Resistance of 1885 heralded a new era of relationship for the Indigenous people of the Northwest with the Canadian state
An end to the possibility of a nation to nation equal partnership with the Canadian state
Wampum belts are made from
Quahog shells
The douglas treaties covered
Vancouver
Wampum belts main purpose is to
Record important events
Please complete the following statements. Indigenous traders viewed their debts with HBC as personal obligation. HBC viewed Indigenous traders’ debts as asserting rights.
The main aim of the Peace and Friendship Treaties from 1725-1779 was to stabilize
Trade and relations
Because Indigenous legal traditions are oriented toward the goal of maintaining harmony and balance between networks of humans and nonhumans, which of the following principles follow?:
Prioritization of the collective and cooperation
A principle made apparent in Indigenous legal traditions would be:
Self- regulation for the greater good
Indigenous perspectives on the numbered treaties and Treaty Day anniversaries fundamentally vary because:
Concerns and altitudes have varied according to the different relationships experience
Along HBC and NWC trade routes, what did Indigenous people often sell to traders:
Materials to build and repair canoes
The explorer who kidnapped Chief Donnaconna and other Stadaconans was:
Cartier
What frustrated the negotiating chiefs of Treaty 6:
Government inaction
What was the indigenous interpretation of the spirit of Treaty 6:
Agreement between sovereign Nations
NWC began as:
An informal group of traders
Indigenous laws were designed to:
Protect community members from harm, settle disputes peacefully, regulate resources
and maintain order
The NWC’s success can NOT be attributed to:
Invention of the York boat
The military commander of the Northwest Resistance was:
Gabriel Dumont
Indigenous worldviews include:
A and D (the principle of balance and the principle of interdependence)
Louis Riel was posthumously pardoned
False
Dene trade network expansion into the Mackenzie River valley was the catalyst to the Dene peoples using canoes?
True
The Indian Act contributed to assimilation by:
Abolishing traditional forms of governance
To facilitate its growth and extend their trade the NWC had this tactic:
Merging with smaller rivals
How does storytelling affect the function of non-interference?
Individuals derive their own meaning from the stories to inform how they might act
It was this major unscrupulous event that had Indigenous leaders pursuing formal agreements with government representatives:
The sale of Rupert’s Land
Treaty makinp (as evidenced by the wampum belts) demonstrates that Indigenous people felt:
Treaties were diplomatic relationships
Early European traders were interested in what condition of beaver pelt:
B and D(well used and soft)
A worldview develops as:
Part of a collective experience emerges from a multitude of individual experiences.
Which global contest became France’s final struggle against England to establish a North American empire?
The Seven Years War
All of the following illustrate how Nehiyawak, Dene, Kanienkehaka, and Inuit legal traditions address misbehavior, except for:
For crimes such as murder, wrongdoers are automatically expelled
Iroquoian peoples are often referred to as Skilled Horticulturalists. The Pacific Slope peoples are known Premier Fishers. Plains Peoples are often called the People of the Buffalo, Inuit Peoples are described as the continent’s greatest Marine Hunters.
What were the items traded in the pre-contact period:
Copper
Indigenous worldviews are not communicated by:
Smoke signals
Treaty 6 reflected a shift in negotiations because of all of the following except:
The drop in the demand for pemmican
Why did the British draft the policy statement which formed the basis of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 dictating how Aboriginal lands and peoples should be treated?
To secure British interests in North America
Expanding fur trading networks tended to:
Spread European foods across the plains.
Which of these are NOT possible factors involved in the treaty making
Conservation
What were the items traded in the pre-contact period:
Copper
Pre-colonial Indigenous laws can be characterized as:
Heterogeneous, informed by local customs and practices
What Is the ultimate penalty for a repeat offender in Nehiyawak, Dene, Kanien’keha Ka, and inuit legal traditions?
Banishment
When do Treaty Days take place
Anniversary of signing of each treaties
Where are Aboriginal rights situated in Canadian Law?
Constitution, but not the Charter
What is the main focus of indigenous legal traditions:
Reparations
How did the British Loyalists’ attitudes about land differ from the existing settlers in the Atlantic coastal regions?
All of the above
Often what law is used to describe legally binding agreements of treaties?
International law
What was the catalyst to ending the trading post building race and era of destructive competition between the HBC and the NWC?
The Pemmican War
Trading partnerships between Indigenous peoples and the HBC and NWC were frequently facilitated by;
Marriage
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples began by examining the historical relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people because without a solid grasp of their shared history it would be impossible to assess the current situation,
True
The four general components of Indigenous storytelling are:
continuity of sacred stories’ meaning, evolution of personal stories, emphasis on socialization, transmission of land and cultural knowledge.
Indigenous storytelling is culturally significant in:
linking the past to present and future generations
One of the most significant effects apparent during the late fur trade was:
An increase in disease outbreaks due to increased European presence
What Indigenous group developed a modern governing body called Eeyou Istchee to represent their rights to self determination and economic development?
Nehiyawak (Cree)
What Indigenous group displays constitutional activism by creating its own Council, Constitution, Proclamation, and electoral process?
Haida
The Indian Act impacted Indigenous community structures by:
Removing the Indian status of a woman who married a non-status man
What specific governmental strategy contributed to a First Nations person being enfranchised?
The Indian Act
The response to the White Paper was written by:
Harold Cardinal
What Constitutional amendment acknowledges and secures Indigenous rights?
Section 35
Describe the resulting actions after Cardinal’s response to the White paper?
Galvanization of indigenous political will and leadership
Who was the leader of the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood during the White Paper?
Dave Courchene
Governmental policies of assimilation provoked Indigenous activism, what group presented the Red Paper to the federal government.
National Indian Brotherhood
Indigenous activism in Canada can be partly attributed to what 1970s US movement?
American Indian Movement
Which of the following is NOT an Indigenous activist or scholar?
Jean Chretien
Native People’s Caravan is a good example of:
A grassroots organization
Which of these is NOT an organized political Indigenous entity.
Civil Rights Movement
The Red Power movement can be described as:
The mobilization of Indian people’s activism
A specific system of government used by the Teslin Tlingit to validate Aboriginal rights and traditions through the effective control of traditional lands and resources.
Aboriginal Nation Model
This Indigenous entity uses the Aboriginal Nation Model for its system of government.
The Teslin Tlingit
The Aboriginal Nation Model does NOT include:
A free car
Affirming existing Aboriginal and treaty rights was part of the Canadian government’s:
Amendment to the Canadian Constitution
What was the primary motivation for Harold Cardinal to write the Citizens Plus document?
The White Paper
Section 35 amended Canada’s Constitution to:
Affirm existing aboriginal and treaty rights
According to the Indian Act, an “Indian” was:
Men (as well as any wives and/or children) belonging to a band that had a reserve.
The paternalistic nature of the Indian Act is apparent from:
Indians being considered as minors.
What Indigenous group is guided by the oral political constitution called the Great Law of Peace of Gayanshagowa?
Kanien:keha’ka (Mohawk)
What specific governmental strategy contributed to the loss of status for First Nation status women who married non-status men?
The Indian Act
An amendment to the Indian Act included empowering the Superintendent General to:
enfranchise people against their will.
Western conceptions of land do not include:
the spiritual realm
TEK stands for:
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Traditional Denésƍliné knowledge of caribou movements provides insight into:
decision making about managing herds.
The Privy Council affirmed that Aboriginal title existed “at the goodwill of the Crown”, this finding was overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada in which case:
Calder
The responsibility of the government to act in the best interest of Aboriginal peoples is:
A fiduciary duty
From a colonial perspective, the numbered treaties were used primarily to:
open up lands for European settlement and resource extraction
The Van der Peet case underlines that protected rights are those:
integral to a distinctive culture.
The displacement of Aboriginal peoples from their territories exacerbated by increased settlement brought about by:
Canadian Pacific Railway
The government of Canada forcibly relocated the Inuit in the 1950s in order to:
enforce Canadian claims to sovereignty in the North
Which one of the following impacts of resource development is specifically tied to the loss of Indigenous people’s connection to land?
Mental and spiritual health
Which one of the following is not representative of Indigenous responses to the impacts of resource development?
monitoring by the federal environmental agency
Community-based monitoring means that:
Indigenous communities monitor their own lands in their own unique way.
One of most persuasive arguments for Indigenous language revitalization is that:
there is a loss of meaning when words are translated into English.
The Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve was the first:
cooperative management agreement between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government.
The main challenge to co-management and community-based management is the:
lack of recognition of traditional Indigenous knowledge.
A fiduciary duty is:
The responsibility of the government to act in the best interest of Aboriginal peoples
The legal challenge brought by the Musqueam Indian Band against the Department of Indian Affairs resulted in:
A finding that the federal government owed the Musqueam damages
Aboriginal title refers to:
Use and jurisdiction over specific parcels of land
Some Inuit chose to relocate in order to:
enjoy the benefits of a settled lifestyle
The Calder Case recognized the existence of Aboriginal title. Which was the first land claims
case thereafter where Aboriginal title was granted?
Tsilhqot’in
Concepts of Indigenous gender include:
Gender was seen as being on a spectrum
In Matrilineal societies Indigenous men were:
Leaders - chosen by Clan mothers
Cross gendered or third and fourth gender Indigenous people were not:
Highly promiscuous
An example of Iñupiat worldviews includes women being more influential than men in:
Hunting
Which of the following was not a gendered tactic of colonization?
Reserve system
What impact did Residential Schools have on Indigenous conceptions of gender and sex?
Taught children gender specific Western roles according to their sex
What does the image of the “Indian Princess” give to Indigenous women?
Gendered moral ambiguity
What legal document did Sandra Lovelace cite was violated when she lost her Indian status?
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Which of the following best describes Indigenous feminism:
Equality for all genders
The second wave of feminism can generally be described as:
Dealt with matters of family, sexuality and work
Which Indigenous women’s group formed in the early 1970s?
Indian Rights for Indian Women and the Native Women’s Association of Canada
Which of the following answers does Indigenous feminism not works towards:
Restructuring Indigenous societies to become more patriarchal
Conceptualization of gender in Indigenous contexts can be described as:
Third or fourth categories
Which of the following concepts does not link colonization to MMIWG?
Complementary gender roles
How long has colonial patriarchy challenged Indigenous feminism?
Since 1492
Indigenous feminism is a return to:
Egalitarian principles
In Indigenous contexts, how were gender roles determined?
Cultural
Within the colonial project, Indigenous women were relegated to what gendered domain?
Domestic
How did the Indian Act change the lives of women?
Introduction of Indian status
In Sharon McIvor’s court case which of the following is not one of her three positions?
Authority over land claims
Contemporary feminism is generally described as:
Issues that deal with gender, race, economic and social injustices
Indigenous Women’s movements formed mostly due to:
The lack of representation in legal reforms and government debates
What was the double mother clause?
Great grandchildren of women that lost status could not receive Indian status.
Prior to contact, Indigenous women’s roles and responsibilities did not include the following:
Sailors
Prior to contact, gender in Indigenous contexts was seen as:
Complimentary
The Navajo word nádleeh means:
Process of change
Settler colonialism imposes what kind of social system?
Patriarchy
Egalitarianism principles include:
Interrelatedness and accountability
Why are Halloween costumes like ‘Pocahontas’ dangerous to Indigenous women?
Damaging stereotypes
The first wave of feminism can be seen as:
Suffragette movement (consisting of mainly wealthy white women) working to gain the right to vote.
The legal cases of Lavell and Lovelace v. Canada addressed:
Gender discrimination against Indigenous women
What characteristic does not describe Haudenosaunee society:
Matriarchal
Which of the following government policies did not directly target Indigenous women?
British North America Act
Hall argues that identity is often thought to contain an underlying “essence”. Which of the following examples does Hall list as examples of this essence?
Shared culture
What do many urban Indigenous peoples consider the most important element for creating informal networks in urban centres?
extended family
How might Indigenous poverty be different from that endured by First Nations residents living on their First Nation?
There is a higher level of prejudice endured by urban Indigenous residents
What improvement could be made to organizations to better foster urban Indigenous governance?
Create permanent subcommittees “attached” to existing councils
What is a distinctive element of urban Indigenous protests as compared with other Indigenous protests?
The use of social media to facilitate marches, round dances, etc.
In Indigenous contexts, urban centres are often referred to as Native ‘hubs’ because they serve as central connection points with other, often rural spaces. What do they connect?
All of the above
What improvement could be made to organizations to better foster urban Indigenous
governance?
Create permanent subcommittees “attached” to existing councils
Based on the theory of Indigenous communities explained, which type of community may also be considered an Indigenous nation:
Sited Community
This broad unifying type of community consists of a range of people who have shared values or experiences.
Mythic community
When creating a social movement, which is NOT a key characteristic?
Longstanding collective memories are shared through oral tradition
The MMIW social movement does NOT include:
The creation of a tribal community
The Idle No More Movement of 2012-2013 formed as a result of:
Concern over the environment and Indigenous rights
What type of community was created in the Indigenous climate activism that culminated in the People’s Climate March in 2014?
Figurative social community
The Unist’ot’en Camp arose as a resistance community as a response to:
the Pacific Trails Pipeline
Chief Toghestiy gave an eagle feather to the Apache Corporation as:
a warning to trespassers.
This event triggered and energized Indigenous claims to Kanienkehaka sovereignty.
Oka Crisis
The most significant advantage of Indigenous activists using social media is the:
international reach.
The fundamental critique of the engagement with social media is that activism in cyber space might unintentionally discourage activism in the street. Why?
activists might feel a false sense of accomplishment.
Within Indigenous kinship systems, which statement is false:
You have to be related through a blood line
This NYC event in 2014 is a great example of how environmental activism can form communities.
People’s Climate March
Within an Indigenous context, ‘community’ does NOT include:
Entitlements
Mythic communities create a sphere of commonality that does NOT stem from similar forms of:
Racial qualities
Which of the following materials was not a large part of the North American trading networks?
Bentwood cedar boxes
What fails to describe the drive behind contemporary Indigenous art?
Wealth
What does not represent European views of Indigenous art and people?
Art and objects are animate
In what ways did the sketch “Indian Store” by the 1491s comment on the legacy of colonialism?
Satire is effective at highlighting racist norms
Who was not part of the PNIAI?
Brian Jungen
How did Rebecca Belmore engage with community in her piece called, “Trace”?
Invited community to create clay beads.
What did not influence the Indigenous art?
Material wealth
What is not a contemporary expression of “traditional” Indigenous art?
Stained glass
The concept of ‘place’ is a crucial aspect of Belmore’s piece called “Trace”.This is represented by:
Where the Red River Valley clay gumbo was excavated
What piece of Canadian legislation does Nadia Myre bead to make a political statement?
The Indian Act
How many artists make up the group, Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated (PNIAI)?
8
Who was the first Indigenous artist to be included in the National Art Gallery of Canada?
Carl Beam
Nadia Myre uses this traditional art material to make a political statement about the Indian Act.
Beads
When explorers and settlers first arrived, Indigenous art was seen as:
Primitive
What was the underlying issue behind the “Spirit Sings” exhibit at the Calgary Winter Olympics in 1986?
Brought attention to the resource extraction at Lubicon Cree Nation
How did Christi Belcourt address the issue of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (MMIWG) with art?
Organized ‘Walking With Our Sister
What Indigenous group developed a modern governing body called Eeyou Istechee to represent their rights to self-determination and economic development?
Nehiyawak (Cree)
TEK is best described as:
A cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief handed down from generation to generation
How can we best describe an Indigenous understanding of land:
Land has its own agency and spirit
The decision in R. v. Sparrow was the Supreme Court of Canada’s first decision on:
Section 35 Aboriginal rights
What did women gain from the implementation of the Indian Act?
Indian status
Which of the following would most urban Indigenous people consider important elements of informal networks in cities?
Extended family
What are some of the main reasons for the creation of urban reserves?
Economic reasons
How might Indigenous poverty be different from First Nations residents living on their First Nation?
There is higher level of prejudice endured by urban Indigenous residents
What suggestions did the Royal Commision on Aboriginal Peoples have for improving urban Aboriginal governance?
Change existing public institutions to include urban Indigenous residents
The message behind the protests and marches on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls demands:
Social Justice against gendered colonial violence
How did Indigenous artists deny the ‘expected and traditional’ understanding of Indigenous Art at Expo 67?
Artists displayed modernist abstract work
What material from the Pacific Northwest was traded widely throughout the plains for thousands of years?
Dentalium shells
Aboriginal title is rooted in:
Aboriginal peoples prior occupation of land
How do urban Indigenous forms of political representation differ from those on First Nations?
They are disproportionately headed by women
How do southern Inuit communities maintain connections within southern cities?
Through the sharing of food
The first case in Canada to uphold a constitutional right to Aboriginal title to land was:
Tsilhqot’in
In Barbara Bodenhorn’s description of Inupiat worldview, what were women’s roles in the hunt?
Attract the animals
Idle No More is a particularly good example of:
An indigenous movement with non-Indigenous allies
In what ways can urban centers be understood as ‘engines of cultural power’?
The creation of new forms of art, music and food
The Nisga’a Agreement is a great example to demonstrate:
Indigenous self-government
_________________________________________________________________________
The growth of mining and forestry industries have been linked to: Increased sexual exploitation of Indigenous
Indigenous activism rose substantially and was encouraged by what movement? American Indian Movement
The paternalistic nature of the Indian Act is apparent from:
Indians being considered as minors
Indigenous activism in Canada can be partly attributed to what 1960s US movement?
American Indian Movement
Please complete the following statements:
The signatories to [Treaty 4 and 6] determined that supplies and equipment were not sufficient for their needs, they also required farming instruction.
Unlike the other prairie treaties, [Treaty 7] focused on the provision of livestock.
During negotiations for [Treaty 1] and [Treaty 2], Indigenous peoples refused to come to terms until the treaty commissioners agreed to help them take up farming.
Following the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement was:
The Statement of Apology
Residential schools:
Created settler-style gender divisions by teaching domestic
skills only to girls
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (CAP) lead to the creation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission largely because:
It articulated the truth about the injustices, making it possible for survivors to file a civil lawsuit against the federal government
The ethics of non-interference highlights:
How independent thinking is valued in a collectivist society
How do you define inductive discipline:
A non-coercive approach to shape children’s behaviour
Indigenous conceptions of land see the land as sentient, this means:
Land has its own agency and spirit
Fortunately for Indigenous peoples, Indian agents, fisheries officers, and other officials who did not support their attempts to better establish themselves agriculturally were usually replaced.
‘False’
The James Bay and Northern Quebec agreement was the first major settlement Indigenous peoples had concluded with the Crown since the 1929-1930 amendment to Treaty 9
True
A specific system of government used by the Teslin Tlingit to validate Aboriginal rights and traditions through the effective control of traditional lands and resources:
Aboriginal Nation Model
Missionaries typically did not support the pass system because of the ruthless way it was enforced by Indian agents and favored a more tolerant approach
‘False’.
Former Prime Minister Harper’s Statement of Apology for residential schools has been criticized for neglecting all of the following except:
Failing to mention the Metis
What specific governmental strategy would have contributed to the loss of status for a First Nation status woman who married a non-status man?
The Indian Act
British Columbia has been the source of much of the legal precedent regarding Aboriginal title because:
Aboriginal cultures in B.C. did not, for the most part, engage in historical treaty-making with the Crown
Which one of the following was NOT influential on settlement patterns in Canada:
Infighting between various tribes
Which is NOT one of the ways that Indigenous people have demonstrated resilience?
Militarization
Section 35 amended Canada’s Constitution to:
Affirm existing Aboriginal and treaty rights
In response to the 1927 special joint committee’s rejection of the Allied Tribes claim, the Indian Act was amended to include Section 141 which:
Barred Indigenous peoples from soliciting funds to hire lawyers and fight claims without government pre-approval
Among other things, what did the 1969 White Paper on Indian Policy promise to do?
Terminate the treaties
Describe the resulting actions after Cardinal’s response to the White paper?
Galvanization of Indigenous political will and leadership
Which one of the following was not a major influence on Indigenous Peoples becoming disconnected from their lands:
Indigenous peoples no longer wanted their lands
Which of the following is NOT an Indigenous activist or scholar?
Jean Chretien
Urban extensions do NOT offer urban Indigenous citizens:
Opportunities to create new treaties
Post-secondary institutions are beginning to open up to Indigenous students through:
Modifying mainstream institutions AND creating Indigenous institutions
Complete the following statements:
Canada defined Aboriginal fishing rights in terms of [personal consumption].
On the west coast, the government capped Indigenous fishing production for the benefit of the [canning industry].
On the east coast, the government capped Indigenous fishing production for the benefit of the [sports fishery].
This denied coastal Indigenous groups the right to continue fishing for [profit].
Indigenous men enlisted in the First World War in part to:
Experience warrior ethics and warfare exploits
What was the primary motivation for Harold Cardinal to write the Citizens Plus document?
The White Paper
According to the Indian Act, an “Indian” was:
Men (as well as any wives and/or children) belonging to a band that had a reserve
The displacement of Indigenous peoples from their territories exacerbated by increased settlement brought about by:
Canadian Pacific Railway
Which one of the following is not representative of Indigenous responses to the impacts of resource development?
Monitoring by the federal environmental agency
The Red Power movement can be described as:
The mobilization of Indigenous people’s activism
Community-based monitoring means that:
Indigenous communities monitor their own lands in their own unique way
What is the key to reconciliation?:
Engaging with the past, present, and future
How did the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement differ from the treaties of the prior era?
It included exclusive hunting, fishing, and trapping rights to treaty signatories within the modern treaty area
Some Inuit chose to relocate in order to:
Enjoy the benefits of a settled lifestyle
It is apparent that children’s power of individual thinking is valued because:
Elders tell a story rather than give direct instruction
Indigenous peoples charged with violating section 114 of the Indian Act (which outlawed the Potlatch) could escape prosecution if they surrendered their regalia to authorities.
* True
Complete the following statements:
[Comprehensive claims] concern surrendered lands.
[Specific claims] are grievances which Indigenous peoples or nations hold against provincial or federal governments for Treaty violations.
Native People’s Caravan is a good example of:
grassroots organization
What is required for reconciliation in Canada?:
Indigenous people and the rest of Canadian society to work together
Which of the following geographical areas is least likely to see comprehensive land claim negotiations?
Communities in south province areas
The Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve was the first:
Cooperative management agreement between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian government
The Van der Peet case underlines that protected rights are those:
Integral to a distinctive culture
The response to the White Paper was written by:
Harold Cardinal
Which of the following affirmed Aboriginal fishing rights?
The Sparrow case (1990)
The legal challenge brought by the Musqueam Indian Band against the Department of indian Affairs resulted in:
A finding that the federal government owed the Musqueam damages
Elders have a key role in the learning cycle because:
As we grow wiser, we are obligated to share and pass on knowledge
The Aboriginal Healing Foundation focused on:
Victims of physical and sexual assault
The federal government hesitated to fulfill its treaty obligations of providing farming equipment because it was concerned Indigenous peoples would sell it.
True
What was the main reason Métis students were sent to residential schools?
Fulfill the pupil quota for a school
TEK is best described as:
A cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief handed down from generation to generation
When cannery operators pressured their Members of Parliament to protect their industry, there was little Indigenous peoples could do in response because they had no political representation and could not vote.
True
Some indigenous elders have referred to education as “the new buffalo.” Why might that be?
Education is seen as a mean: better oneself and one’s community
In order to determine a constitutional right a court must characterize the right. Which of the following is not important to characterizing the right:
The interrelatedness of all living and nonliving things
What was the horrific discovery of Dr Peter Bryce in 1907?:
42% of children in residential schools died
Harold Cardinal’s response to the Canadian government’s lack of consultation with Indigenous communities was called:
The Red Paper
TEK stands for:
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
What were some of the major criticisms of then Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s “Statement of Apolögy” in 2008)?:
Apology was insincere suggesting Residential schools were the only form of assimilation
Indigenous peoples’ involvement in the fishing industry was adversely affected by Government regulations
Elders used the Potlatch to maintain their influence over [younger generations).
Many local merchants profiled from the Potlatch and did not support the law against
Feasting provided [ambitious Chiefs) with an opportunity to extend their power and influence. [indian Agents) were supposed to help enforce the law against the Potlatch by collecting evidence
The Privy Council affirmed that Aboriginal title existed “at the goodwill of the Crown’ this finding was overturned by the Supreme Court of Canada in which case:
Calder
Campaigns like “Be a Witness” and “Project of Heart” address:
Improve lives of Indigenous children
Often, Indigenous knowledge is transmitted through the following way:
Personal experience and embodied knowledge
What was the HBC’s reasoning for allowing Indigenous peoples to incur debt with them during the 1920s, despite their inability to pay them back?
To protect future profits
indigenous peoples required permission from Indian agents to purchase farming equipment and the agents would withhold approval if they believed the money was needed for food or clothing
True
The Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement was implemented in the:
21st century
What is a key difference between Indigenous nations on the Pacific slope and the rest of the country that made British Columbia a crucible for developing Native political awareness in Canada?
Most Indigenous nations in British Columbia did not surrender title to their lands
The Gwich’in of the Mackenzie River delta and the Sahtu of the great bear lake successfully concluded comprehensive claims in 1992 and 1993, respectively.
In 2003, the Tlicho reached a land claim and self-government agreement.
Established in 1999, Nunavut is a result of a comprehensive claim.
This Indigenous entity uses the Aboriginal Nation Model for its system of government:
The Teslin Tlingit
Bans on Indigenous ceremonial activities were in place until the 1950s.
True
Which one of the following impacts of resource development is specifically tied to the loss of Indigenous people’s connection to land?
Mental and spiritual health
What statement is false about the preservationist legislations of the early 1900s?
None of the above
What Indigenous group displays constitutional activism by creating its own Council, Constitution, Proclamation, and electoral process?
Haida
Which of the following does not describe a reason why place names are important to Indigenous peoples
They are whimsical names that impart humor
In what year did the Nisga’a create the Nisga’a Land Committee, laying the groundwork for a sustained land-claim struggle?
1907
Indigenous people often see the learning process following the life stages, which are:
Childhood, adolescence, adulthood, maturity
_______________________________________
The concept of home is not considered a site of female power for Black women because their domestic labour was expended in the service of white families.
False
This broad unifying type of community consists of a range of people who have shared values or experiences
Mythic community
Which of the following materials was NOT a large part of the North American trading networks?
Bentwood cedar boxes
Many Indigenous women do not self-identify as feminist because feminism has not traditionally included them.
True
in indigenous contexts, how were gender roles determined?
Cultural
What percentage of urban Indigenous residents have never lived anywhere but in a city?
30%
In Indigenous contexts, urban centers are often referred to as Native ‘hubs’ because they serve as central connection points with other, often rural spaces. What do they connect?
All of the above
Concepts of Indigenous gender include:
Gender was seen as being on a spectrum
The concept of ‘place’ is a crucial aspect of Belmore’s piece called “Trace”This is represented by
Where the Red River Valley clay gumbo was excavated
What type of community was created in the Indigenous climate activism that culminated in the People’s Climate March in 2014?
Figurative social community
Which of the following concepts does not link colonization to MMIWG?
Complementary gender roles
Settler colonialism imposes what kind of social system?
Patriarchy
What does the image of the “Indian Princess” give to Indigenous women?
Gendered moral ambiguity
An example of Ihupiat worldviews includes women being more influential than men in:
Hunting
Which of the following government policies did not impact indigenous women directly
British North America Act
Indigenous feminism is a return to:
Egalitarian principles
When explorers and settlers first arrived, Indigenous art was seen as:
Primitive
How did Indigenous artists deny the ‘expected and traditional* understandings of Indigenous Art at Expo 67?
Artists displayed modernist abstract work
The message behind the protests and marches on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls demands.
Social Justice against gendered colonial violence
The indigenous attitude assumes that everything should be accessible to those with the means and will access it.
False
How did Europeans exclude Indigenous peoples from urban spaces?
All of the above
What legal document did Sandra Lovelace cite was violated when she lost her Indian status:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Who were the originating members of the Red Power Movement?
World War II veterans
A critique of separate spheres ideology, which codes public and private spaces differently, is that it only considers privileged white women.
True
What characteristic does not describe Haudenosaunee society:
Matriarchal
Indigenous Women’s movements formed mostly due to:
The lack of representation in legal reforms and government debates
Please select the best response. The term Two-Spirit:
All of the above
Which of the following answers does Indigenous feminism not works towards:
Restructuring Indigenous societies to become more patriarchal
Which of the following best describes Indigenous feminism:
Equality for all genders
Which of the following best represents Idle No More’s primary concern?
All of the above
When creating a social movement, which is NOT a key characteristic?
The election of official leaders
The activities of idle No More were characterized as a threat to national security.
True
Idle No More viewed women as an independent and separate group that also had to fight against men.
False
The Unist’ot’en Camp arose as a resistance community as a response to:
The Pacific Trails Pipeline
The MMIW social movement does NOT include:
The creation of a tribal community
Prior to contact, Indigenous women’s roles and responsibilities did not include the following:
Sailors
Chief Toghestiy gave an eagle feather to the Apache Corporation as:
A warning to trespassers
What did not influence the Indigenous art?
Material wealth
Please complete the following paragraph:
It has been suggested that [legal diversity] in an urban setting is problematic because it produces internal struggles between urban Indigenous residents. A remedy for this issue is [status blind programming] because this recognizes the portability of [Treaty rights].
This NYC event in 2014 is a great example of how environmental activism can form communities.
People’s Climate March
Which Indigenous Women’s group challenged the process of the Charlottetown Accord in 1992?
Native Women’s Association of Canada
Indigenous peoples are often positioned in terms of their proximity to nature because this
Suggests that Indigenous peoples lack civilized manners
Contemporary feminism is generally described as:
Issues that deal with gender, race, economic and social injustices
Prior to contact, gender in Indigenous contexts was seen as:
Complimentary
Based on the theory of Indigenous communities explained, which type of community may also be considered an Indigenous
Sited Community
What are some of the main reasons for the creation of urban reserves?
Economic reasons
The association of “authentic” Indigenous identities with non-urban locations positions urban Indigenous cultures and lifeways as inauthentic and less legitimate.
True
How many artists make up the group, Professional Native Indian Artists Incorporated (PNIAI)?
8
The most significant advantage of Indigenous activists using social media is the:
International reach
The legal cases of Lavell and Lovelace v. Canada addressed:
Gender discrimination against Indigenous women
What material from the Pacific Northwest was traded widely throughout the plains for thousands of years?
Dentalium shells
The Navajo word nadleeh means:
Process of change
What would changing organizations look like to better foster urban Indigenous governance?:
B, C and D
The second wave of feminism can generally be described as:
Dealt with matters of family, sexuality and work
Within the colonial project, Indigenous women were relegated to what gendered domain?
Domestic
How do southern Inuit communities maintain connections within southern cities?:
A and B
Within Indigenous kinship systems, which statement is false:
You have to be related through a blood line
It is appropriate to use the term Two-Spirit to reflect the identities of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people who embody both masculine
and feminine spirits
False
Who was not part of the PNIAI?
Brian Jungen
Cross gendered or third and fourth gender Indigenous people were not:
Highly promiscuous
What was the double mother clause?
Great grandchildren of women that lost status could not receive Indian status
The first wave of feminism can be seen as:
Suffragette movement (consisting of mainly wealthy white women) working to gain the right to vote.
Idle No More is a particularly good example of:
An Indigenous movement with non-Indigenous allies
A settler is described as ‘unsettled’ when they become aware of their inheritance and implication within the colonial matrix, comprehend their unearned privileges, and seek ways past racism.
True
Prior to contact the gender roles of Indigenous societies were not:
Always static
How might Indigenous poverty be different from First Nations residents living on their First Nation?
There is a higher level of prejudice endured by urban Indigenous residents
Urbanization, by Indigenous peoples, is typically a more female than male phenomenon.
True
What piece of Canadian legislation does Nadia Myre bead to make a political statement?
The Indian Act
In Sharon Mcivor’s court case, which of the following is not one of her three positions?
Authority over land claims
How did Rebecca Belmore engage with the community in her piece called, “Trace”?
Invited community to create clay beads
Egalitarianism principles include:
Interrelatedness and accountability
In what ways did the sketch “Indian Store” by the 1491s comment on the legacy of colonialism?
Satire is effective at highlighting racist norms
Feminist scholars have argued that separate spheres ideology, which codes public and private spaces differently, can be problematic because it enforces colonial ideals of race and gender.
True
What would changing organizations look like to better foster urban Indigenous governance?:
Permanent subcommittees “attached” to existing councils
Which of the following was not a gendered tactic of colonization?
Reserve system
Which Indigenous women’s group formed in the early 1970s?
Indian Rights for Indian Women and the Native Women’s Association of Canada
Please complete the following definitions:
[Anti-colonial practices are reactive and directly challenge colonization and racism.
[Non-colonial] practices seek to recover and perpetuate pre-contact culture.
[Conciliation] refers to an action that brings harmony.
[Reconciliation] refers to the repair of a previously existing harmonious relationship
In Barbara Bodenhorns description of inupiat worldview. what were women’s roles in hunt?
Attract the animals
As a verb, queer is a deconstructive practice focused on challenging normative knowledge, identities, behaviors, and spaces thereby unsettling power relations and taken-for-granted assumptions.
True
What was the underlying issue behind the “Spirit Sings” exhibit at the Calgary Winter Olympics in 1986:
Brought attention to the resource extraction at Lubicon Cree Nation
