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NRSG 258 Flashcards

1
Q

Opioid overdose triad

A
  1. Pinpoint pupiles
  2. Decreased consciousness
  3. Respiratory depression
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2
Q

Types of immunity

A

Specific - targets specific antigens and makes memory cells

Non-specific - does not target or make memory cells

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3
Q

Anti-pyretic

A

Anti-fever Eg. Paracetamol

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4
Q

Eg of opioid analgesic

A

Morphine, synthetic form is Fentanyl

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5
Q

Acute vs chronic pain

A

Acute - response to harm, short-term

Chronic - not necessarily signal of harm, >3months

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6
Q

Eg of inflammatory cell

A

Basophil, releases histamine

Neutrophil, phagocytosis

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7
Q

Inactive protein made by liver

A

‘Complement’, released if liver is infected

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8
Q

What is peri-operative

A
  1. Pre
  2. Intra
  3. Post - operative
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9
Q

Elements of a valid consent (VISL)

A

Voluntary
Informed
Specific
Legal capacity

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10
Q

Advance care directive

A

Document that states pt’s wishes if incompetent

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11
Q

Common post-op complications

A

Infection

VTE

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12
Q

WHO analgesic ladder

A
  1. Non-opioid
  2. Opioid
  3. Nerve block
    NSAID’s used throughout
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13
Q

Pain management

A

Pharmacological - PCA

Non-pharm - TENS

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14
Q

Medical term for induced fever

A

Pyretic/pyrexia

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15
Q

Doctrine of necessity

A

Provide treatment to preserve life

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16
Q

Analgesic adjuvant

A

Non-analgesic pain reliever e.g. Ketamine

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17
Q

NSAID’s drug interaction

A

Warfarin, risk of bleeding

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18
Q

First sign of clinical deterioration

A

Tachycardia

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19
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Effect drug has on body

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20
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Movement of drug in and out body

  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
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21
Q

Minimum age for consent in NSW

A

14

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22
Q

Define pain

A

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience

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23
Q

Eg of how antibacterials work

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

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24
Q

Symptoms of dehydration

A

Headache

Low BP

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25
Symptoms of fluid overload
Oedema | Distended jugular veins
26
Electrolytes in cells
OUTSIDE: Na+, CL- INSIDE: K+, Mg - (magnesium)
27
Primary survey
ABCDE
28
Secondary survey (VICH)
Vital signs Inspect back Comfort measures Head to toe
29
Total body water compartments
Intracellular | Extracellular = interstitial + plasma
30
Drug agonist vs antagonist
Agonist: Activates receptor Antagonist: Blocks receptor
31
Main sources of fluid input and output
Input - Beverages | Output - Urine
32
3 stages of general anaesthesia
1. Analgesia 2. Excitement 3. Surgical anaesthesia
33
Normal urinary output
0.5mL//kg/hr
34
Signs of shock
High HR | Low BP
35
Gram stains for bacteria
``` Positive = purple (has no outer membrane) Negative = pink ```
36
Clinical consideration for general anaesthesia
``` Pregnancy Body temperature (decrease in hypothalamus function) ```
37
Cell excitation vs inhibition
Excitation: Cell becomes more + Inhibition: Cell becomes more -
38
Fluid movement through plasma membrane
Active: Up concentration gradient Passive: Down eg. Diffusion
39
Protein
Basic structural material of body
40
Basic food groups
Grains Dairy Fruit/veg Protein
41
pH of blood
7.4
42
Medical term for vomiting
Emesis
43
Fluid compositions (water)
``` Women = 50% Men = 60% Children = 75% ```
44
Types of neurotransmitter receptors
Dopaminergic - Dopamine | 5-HT - Seretonin
45
Mode of action for local anaesthetic
Na+ blocked No flow Cannot depolarise No transmission
46
Referred pain
Pain felt in location other than it is | Eg. Groin pain = kidney stones
47
Selective toxicity of bacteria
Drug targets bacterial properties not human
48
Post-operative fluid intake
1mL/kg/hr
49
Purpose of nutrients
Growth, repair, energy
50
Pre-operative risk factors
Age | Medications
51
Fluid composition of muscle and adipose tissue
``` Muscle = 75% AT = 20% ```
52
Platelet function
Plug hole until blood clot forms
53
3 types of IV fluids
Isotonic - same conc of ions as cells Hypotonic - lower conc of ions Hypertonic - higher conc of ions
54
Normal urinalysis values
All 0 except: SG (specific gravity) 1.03-1.003 pH 4.5-8
55
How to give blood transfusion
1. Prime and flush 2. Infuse over 90 mins 3. Vitals every 15mins/hr, 30 mins thereafter
56
Anaemia
Lack of red blood cells
57
VTE prevention measures
Early mobilisation | Deep breathing
58
Where are platelets produced
Bone marrow
59
Clotting test
APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time
60
Virchow's triad of VTE
1. Hypercoagulable state 2. Circulatory stasis 3. Wall injury
61
ECG explaination
P - Atrial contraction (depolarise) QRS - Ventricular contraction T - Ventricular relaxation (repolarise)
62
Average fluid input/day
Male - 3.4L | Female 2.8L
63
Post-op prevention
Prophylactic antibiotics
64
Antibody treatment
Treatment that targets growth factors in tumour
65
Thrombus vs Embolus
Thrombus: Blood clot Embolus: Moving blood clot
66
Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism
Hypo - not enough | Hyper -thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone
67
How to prepare fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
Warm water 30 mins, use within 6 hours
68
Fibrinolysis
Breakdown of fibrin in blood clot
69
Type of drains
Active - Neg pressure eg. Jackson-Pratt | Passive - Gravity eg. Penrose
70
Reason for NBM pre-surgery
Prevents aspiration
71
Define coagulation and haemostasis
C: Form of blood clots H: Clots stop bleeding
72
Urostomy
Diverts ureters to ileum, excretion via stoma
73
Types of feeding
Enteral - via GI tract | Nasogastric tube
74
Example of stoma complication
Necrotic (black), loss of blood supply
75
Benefit of colonoscopy
Detects 95% of cancers
76
Atelectasis
Collapse of alveoli
77
Atrial fibrillation originates from...
another place in the heart than where it should (sa node)
78
Types of wound closure
Primary - edges brought together Secondary - left open to heal from base Tertiary - left open to clean then sealed
79
Compartment syndrom
Increased fluid pressure that can compromise blood flow
80
Surgical settings
GO practices Private Primary health care services
81
Discharge planning (IDEAL)
``` Include Discuss Educate Assess Listen ```
82
Consent issues
Assault - cause fear | Battery - physical contact not necessarily causing injury
83
Duty of care
Avoid harm
84
Negligence
Failure to provide duty of care
85
How to categorise pt urgency
Australiasian triage scale | 5 categories
86
Metoclopramide
Anti emetic
87
Cephazolin
Antibiotic | Broad spectrum
88
Crystalloid
Small particles | Eg sodium chloride

3-SEM2 (2 decks)

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