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3-SEM2 > NRSG 258 > Flashcards

NRSG 258 Flashcards

1
Q

Opioid overdose triad

A
  1. Pinpoint pupiles
  2. Decreased consciousness
  3. Respiratory depression
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2
Q

Types of immunity

A

Specific - targets specific antigens and makes memory cells

Non-specific - does not target or make memory cells

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3
Q

Anti-pyretic

A

Anti-fever Eg. Paracetamol

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4
Q

Eg of opioid analgesic

A

Morphine, synthetic form is Fentanyl

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5
Q

Acute vs chronic pain

A

Acute - response to harm, short-term

Chronic - not necessarily signal of harm, >3months

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6
Q

Eg of inflammatory cell

A

Basophil, releases histamine

Neutrophil, phagocytosis

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7
Q

Inactive protein made by liver

A

‘Complement’, released if liver is infected

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8
Q

What is peri-operative

A
  1. Pre
  2. Intra
  3. Post - operative
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9
Q

Elements of a valid consent (VISL)

A

Voluntary
Informed
Specific
Legal capacity

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10
Q

Advance care directive

A

Document that states pt’s wishes if incompetent

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11
Q

Common post-op complications

A

Infection

VTE

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12
Q

WHO analgesic ladder

A
  1. Non-opioid
  2. Opioid
  3. Nerve block
    NSAID’s used throughout
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13
Q

Pain management

A

Pharmacological - PCA

Non-pharm - TENS

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14
Q

Medical term for induced fever

A

Pyretic/pyrexia

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15
Q

Doctrine of necessity

A

Provide treatment to preserve life

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16
Q

Analgesic adjuvant

A

Non-analgesic pain reliever e.g. Ketamine

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17
Q

NSAID’s drug interaction

A

Warfarin, risk of bleeding

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18
Q

First sign of clinical deterioration

A

Tachycardia

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19
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Effect drug has on body

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20
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Movement of drug in and out body

  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
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21
Q

Minimum age for consent in NSW

A

14

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22
Q

Define pain

A

Unpleasant sensory and emotional experience

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23
Q

Eg of how antibacterials work

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

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24
Q

Symptoms of dehydration

A

Headache

Low BP

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25
Q

Symptoms of fluid overload

A

Oedema

Distended jugular veins

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26
Q

Electrolytes in cells

A

OUTSIDE: Na+, CL-
INSIDE: K+, Mg - (magnesium)

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27
Q

Primary survey

A

ABCDE

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28
Q

Secondary survey (VICH)

A

Vital signs
Inspect back
Comfort measures
Head to toe

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29
Q

Total body water compartments

A

Intracellular

Extracellular = interstitial + plasma

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30
Q

Drug agonist vs antagonist

A

Agonist: Activates receptor
Antagonist: Blocks receptor

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31
Q

Main sources of fluid input and output

A

Input - Beverages

Output - Urine

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32
Q

3 stages of general anaesthesia

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement
  3. Surgical anaesthesia
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33
Q

Normal urinary output

A

0.5mL//kg/hr

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34
Q

Signs of shock

A

High HR

Low BP

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35
Q

Gram stains for bacteria

A 
Positive = purple (has no outer membrane)
Negative = pink
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36
Q

Clinical consideration for general anaesthesia

A 
Pregnancy
Body temperature (decrease in hypothalamus function)
37
Q

Cell excitation vs inhibition

A

Excitation: Cell becomes more +
Inhibition: Cell becomes more -

38
Q

Fluid movement through plasma membrane

A

Active: Up concentration gradient
Passive: Down eg. Diffusion

39
Q

Protein

A

Basic structural material of body

40
Q

Basic food groups

A

Grains
Dairy
Fruit/veg
Protein

41
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4

42
Q

Medical term for vomiting

A

Emesis

43
Q

Fluid compositions (water)

A 
Women = 50%
Men = 60%
Children = 75%
44
Q

Types of neurotransmitter receptors

A

Dopaminergic - Dopamine

5-HT - Seretonin

45
Q

Mode of action for local anaesthetic

A

Na+ blocked
No flow
Cannot depolarise
No transmission

46
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain felt in location other than it is

Eg. Groin pain = kidney stones

47
Q

Selective toxicity of bacteria

A

Drug targets bacterial properties not human

48
Q

Post-operative fluid intake

A

1mL/kg/hr

49
Q

Purpose of nutrients

A

Growth, repair, energy

50
Q

Pre-operative risk factors

A

Age

Medications

51
Q

Fluid composition of muscle and adipose tissue

A 
Muscle = 75%
AT = 20%
52
Q

Platelet function

A

Plug hole until blood clot forms

53
Q

3 types of IV fluids

A

Isotonic - same conc of ions as cells
Hypotonic - lower conc of ions
Hypertonic - higher conc of ions

54
Q

Normal urinalysis values

A

All 0 except:
SG (specific gravity) 1.03-1.003
pH 4.5-8

55
Q

How to give blood transfusion

A
  1. Prime and flush
  2. Infuse over 90 mins
  3. Vitals every 15mins/hr, 30 mins thereafter
56
Q

Anaemia

A

Lack of red blood cells

57
Q

VTE prevention measures

A

Early mobilisation

Deep breathing

58
Q

Where are platelets produced

A

Bone marrow

59
Q

Clotting test

A

APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time

60
Q

Virchow’s triad of VTE

A
  1. Hypercoagulable state
  2. Circulatory stasis
  3. Wall injury
61
Q

ECG explaination

A

P - Atrial contraction (depolarise)
QRS - Ventricular contraction
T - Ventricular relaxation (repolarise)

62
Q

Average fluid input/day

A

Male - 3.4L

Female 2.8L

63
Q

Post-op prevention

A

Prophylactic antibiotics

64
Q

Antibody treatment

A

Treatment that targets growth factors in tumour

65
Q

Thrombus vs Embolus

A

Thrombus: Blood clot
Embolus: Moving blood clot

66
Q

Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypo - not enough

Hyper -thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone

67
Q

How to prepare fresh frozen plasma (FFP)

A

Warm water 30 mins, use within 6 hours

68
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

Breakdown of fibrin in blood clot

69
Q

Type of drains

A

Active - Neg pressure eg. Jackson-Pratt

Passive - Gravity eg. Penrose

70
Q

Reason for NBM pre-surgery

A

Prevents aspiration

71
Q

Define coagulation and haemostasis

A

C: Form of blood clots
H: Clots stop bleeding

72
Q

Urostomy

A

Diverts ureters to ileum, excretion via stoma

73
Q

Types of feeding

A

Enteral - via GI tract

Nasogastric tube

74
Q

Example of stoma complication

A

Necrotic (black), loss of blood supply

75
Q

Benefit of colonoscopy

A

Detects 95% of cancers

76
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of alveoli

77
Q

Atrial fibrillation originates from…

A

another place in the heart than where it should (sa node)

78
Q

Types of wound closure

A

Primary - edges brought together
Secondary - left open to heal from base
Tertiary - left open to clean then sealed

79
Q

Compartment syndrom

A

Increased fluid pressure that can compromise blood flow

80
Q

Surgical settings

A

GO practices
Private
Primary health care services

81
Q

Discharge planning (IDEAL)

A 
Include
Discuss
Educate
Assess
Listen
82
Q

Consent issues

A

Assault - cause fear

Battery - physical contact not necessarily causing injury

83
Q

Duty of care

A

Avoid harm

84
Q

Negligence

A

Failure to provide duty of care

85
Q

How to categorise pt urgency

A

Australiasian triage scale

5 categories

86
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Anti emetic

87
Q

Cephazolin

A

Antibiotic

Broad spectrum

88
Q

Crystalloid

A

Small particles

Eg sodium chloride

3-SEM2 (2 decks)

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