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NRS 414 Biology > NRS 414 biology > Flashcards

NRS 414 biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 requirements for organisms to live?

A

Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

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2
Q

What does food provide to the body?

A

Provides it with nutrients that we need for energy, growth, repair and regulation of chemical reactions

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3
Q

What does oxygen do to the body?

A

releases energy from food

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4
Q

What does heat do to the body?

A

result of metabolic reactions which controls reaction rate eg temperature

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5
Q

What is pressure?
what are the different types?

A

Force applied to something
Atmospheric- needed for breathing
Hydrostatic- needed for blood to move through blood vessels

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6
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Study of the structure of the body and its parts (names of the parts)

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7
Q

What is physiology

A

Studies of the functions of these parts
(how do they work)

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8
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton

A

supports organelles and cell shape

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9
Q

What does the microtubule contain?
Where is it present?

A

tube of protein molecules
present in cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia and flagella

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10
Q

what is the Intermediate filament?

A

intertwined protein fibers that provide support and strength

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11
Q

what does the actin filament do?

A

Twisted protein fibres that are responsible for cell movement

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12
Q

what are centrioles

A

microtubules that occurs in pairs

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm?
What does it contain?

A

semi-fluid matrix
contains the nucleus and other organelles

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14
Q

What does the mitochondrion do?

A

generates chemical energy which powers the cells biochemical reactions

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15
Q

what does the secretory vesicle do?

A

fuses with the plasma membrane and releases materials that secretes from the cell

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16
Q

what does the lysosome do?

A

breaks down macro molecules any digests worn out cell components

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17
Q

what does the golgi complex do?

A

collects packages and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell

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18
Q

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

aids in the manufacture of carbohydrates and lipids

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19
Q

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

internal membranes studded with ribosomes that carry out protein synthesis

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20
Q

what does the Nucleus do?

A

command center of the cell

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21
Q

what does the nucleous do?

A

produces ribosomes

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22
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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23
Q

what does the nuclear pore do?

A

regulates passage into and out of the nucleus

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24
Q

what do ribosomes do?

A

site of protein synthesis

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25
Q

what does the peroxisome do?

A

vesicle that contains enzymes that can detoxify harmful molecules

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26
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

lipid bilayer that proteins are embedded

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27
Q

What is an atom?
What level of organisation is it?

A

simplest level eg oxygen
1st

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28
Q

What is a molecule?
what level of organisation is it?

A

two/more atoms= molecule eg water
2nd

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29
Q

what are macromolecules?
what level of organisation is it?

A

large biologically important molecules inside cells eg proteins
3rd

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30
Q

What is an organelle?
what level of organisation is it?

A

aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out specific functions of the cell
4th

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31
Q

what is a cell?
what level of organisation is it?

A

basic units of structure and functions living things
5th

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32
Q

what are tissues?
what level of organisation is it?

A

groups of cells which functions together
6th

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33
Q

what are organs?
what level of organisation is it?

A

groups of tissues that form together and have specialised functions
7th

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34
Q

what are organ systems?
what level of organisation is it?

A

groups of organs that are formed together
8th

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35
Q

what is an organism ?
what level of organisation is it?

A

organ systems that function together
9th

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36
Q

What are some ageing effects?

A

Age related deterioration in metabolism
longer to return to normal homeostatic equilibrium point
impact of disease rises
disease becomes more severe and prolonged

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37
Q

what does superior mean?

A

above another part

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38
Q

what does inferior mean?

A

below another part

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39
Q

what does anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front

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40
Q

what does posterior (dorsal) mean?

A

towards the back

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41
Q

what does median mean?

A

closer to the midline

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42
Q

what does lateral mean?

A

towards the side

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43
Q

what does bi lateral mean?

A

paired structures with one on each side

44
Q

what does ipsilateral mean?

A

structures on the same side

45
Q

what does contralateral mean?

A

structures on the opposite sides

46
Q

what does proximal mean?

A

closer to the point of attachment or another referenced body part

47
Q

what does distal mean?

A

further from the point of attachment of another referenced body part

48
Q

what does superficial mean?

A

near the surface; peripheral- outward or near the surface

49
Q

what does deep mean?

A

more internal

50
Q

what does anatomical position mean?

A

body erect, face forward, upper limbs at sides with palm forward

51
Q

what does terms of relative position mean?

A

Describe the location of one body part respect to another

52
Q

what does sagittal section mean?

A

divided the body into right and left portions

53
Q

what does median or midsagittal section mean?

A

if it passes along the midline and divides that body into equal parts

54
Q

what does parasagittal section mean?

A

a section lateral to the midline

55
Q

what does transverse section mean?

A

horizontal section divides the body into superior and inferior portions

56
Q

what does a frontal section mean?

A

coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

57
Q

What does metabolism mean?

A

the sum of the body’s billion of chemical reactions and composed of anabolism and catabolism

58
Q

what is anabolism?

A

reactions that build things eg proteins and other biological molecules and need energy to proceed

59
Q

what is catabolism?

A

reactions that break things down eg digestive enzymes and produce energy

60
Q

what is a negative feedback mechanism?

A

responses move in the opposite direction from the change
reduces the amount of change from the set point
includes most control mechanisms in the body

61
Q

what order does negative feedback happen in low temps?

A

stimulus- temp goes abelow set point
receptors- thermoreceptor detects change sends signal to control centre
control centre- detects changes to set point signals effectors
effector- skin blood vessels in skin constricts blood flow decreases sweat glands are inactive
effector muscles body heat generated and will contract involuntary
Response- body heat is conserved and returns to set point

62
Q

what order does negative feedback happen in high temps?

A

stimulus- temp goes above set point
receptors- thermoreceptor detects change sends signal to control centre
control centre- detects changes to set point signals effectors
effector- blood vessels in skin dilate blood flow increases sweat glands secrete sweat
Response- body heat is lost to surrounding environment temp returns to set temp

63
Q

what are positive feedback mechanisms?
what are some examples

A

Response moves further from the set point
change from set point gets larger
produces unstable conditions in the body
eg blood clotting breastfeeding and uttering contractions

64
Q

what are the different types of tissues?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

65
Q

what are some protective functions of integumentary system?

A

Protection- cushion insulates and waterproof
protection from chemicals, heat cold bacteria
protective secretions

66
Q

what other functions does the intergumentary system have?

A

synthesises vitamin D
regulates body temperature
prevents unnecessary water loss
sensory reception (nerve endings)
excretion small amount of wastes

67
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

most abundant tissue
2 types
connective tissue (loose)
connective tissue (dense)
cartilage
bone
liquid connective tissue

68
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

69
Q

what is diffusion?

A

Membrane permeable to both water and a solute

70
Q

what is passive diffusion

A

when no energy is required and molecule moves with a concentration gradient eg exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs

71
Q

What is filtration?

A

when smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from region of high to low pressure

72
Q

what is passive filtration?

A

no energy required hydrostatic pressure
force comes from blood pressure and vessel lumen size difference

73
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

Substances that can’t pass through the lipid bilayer
ions move through using channels
molecules move by using carrier proteins
from high to low concentration

74
Q

what is active transport?

A

Carrier molecules transport molecules or ions through membranes from low to high concentration
carrier molecules have binding sites to transport particles

75
Q

what is osmosis?

A

water molecules that move through semi permeable membrane to the more concentrated solution
higher the concentration the higher the osmotic pressure

76
Q

what does Heterozygous mean?

A

2 different alleles for a trait eg Aa

77
Q

What does Homozygous mean?

A

two identical alleles for a trait eg AA or aa

78
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

removes a portion of the bone to be replaced which signals bone formation

79
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

lays down collagen and mineral deposits which maintains bone density and strength

80
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Allows flexing and extending along one plane eg elbows knees

81
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Allows twisting movement eg Tarsal bones

82
Q

what are saddle joints?

A

allows angular movements greater range of motion than condyloid joints eg trapezium carpal Thumb joint

83
Q

What are Condyloid joints?

A

allows angular movements along two axes eg joints of wrists and fingers

84
Q

What are pivot joints?

A

allows rotational movement eg between C1 and C2 Verterbral

85
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord
CNS, autonomic nervous system sympathetic (arousing), parasympathetic (calming)

86
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

peripheral nervous system, somatic nervous system, sensory (afferent) nervous system (sensory output)
motor (efferent) nervous system ( motor output)

87
Q

whats the Blood clotting process?

A

Thromboplastin released by damaged tissue cells enters the blood extrinsic pathway
platelets adhere to damaged blood vessel lining Intrinsic pathway
Prothrombin activator
prothrombin goes to thrombin then fibrinogen to loose fibrin threads and then a stabilised fibrin clot

88
Q

What blood group is A compatible with?

A

for donor compatibile with A and AB
for recipient compatible with A and O

89
Q

What is blood group B compatible with?

A

as a donor B and AB
as a recipient B and O

90
Q

What blood group is AB compatible with?

A

compatible with AB ONLY
recipient UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT

91
Q

What blood group is O compatible with?

A

as a donor compatible with all groups UNIVERSAL DONOR
as a recipient compatible with O ONLY

92
Q

what is the rhesus factor

A

85% of the population are rhesus positive (Rh+) so they don’t make rhesus antibodies
15% have no rhesus antigen Rhesus negative (Rh-) so can be capable of making rhesus antibodies
but is only stimulated to do so in certain circumstances eg pregnancy or blood transfusion

93
Q

What is Non- specific immunity (innate)

A

Specialist non-specific cells which migrate to sites of inflammation and infection
phagocytic cells eg Macrophages, Neutrophils and Eosinophils

94
Q

What is specific immunity?

A

Specific to each type of invader or particle
allows us to develop a resistance to specific microorganisms
2 components
Cell mediated immunity
Humoral immunity

95
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

can be passive or active
Active- Stimulation of adaptive immune response
natural- becoming infected
vaccine induced

passive- Acquire immunoglobulins directly through injection or through the placenta or breastfeeding

96
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Production of specific T lymphocytes in the thymus which attach to non self materials to destroy them
effective against antigens of fungi, bacteria viruses parasites and tumour cells

97
Q

What are B cells and Humoral immunity?

A

B cells carry surface antibodies that recognise specific antigens
cells enlarge to make plasma cells and make highly specific antibodies and those are secreted into blood and lymph
Each cells produces hundreds of antibody molecules per second some remain as memory cells

98
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Attack of self antigens by immune system
Autoantibodies and cytotoxic t cells produced
Diabetes- attack of islet cells
Thyroiditis- attack of thyroid cells
Rheumatoid arthritis- attack of synovial joints

99
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

maintains water bladder and includes the kidney and bladder

100
Q

what does the kidneys do?

A

maintains water balance in the body and controlling blood pressure

101
Q

What is the function unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

102
Q

what is the formation of urine three main processes?

A

Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

103
Q

What are normal constituents of urine

A

Water
Urea
Drugs
Alcohol

104
Q

What are abnormal constituents of urine?

A

Glucose
Blood
Protein
leucocytes
nitrates

105
Q

what’s the formation of urine (Filtration)

A

in the glomerulus and glomerular capsule
water and small molecules passes through the diameter of afferent and efferent arteriole due to pressure difference
Larger molecules blood cells and plasma proteins remain in the capillaries

NRS 414 Biology (2 decks)

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