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NREMT EXAM > NREMT Study Guide > Flashcards

NREMT Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

All of the following demonstrate impaired ventilation EXCEPT:

a. Conscious patient breathing 12 times a minute; breathing is shallow
b. Patient breathing 4 times a minute with adequate tidal volume
c. Hypoxic patient breathing 12 times a minute with adequate tidal volume
d. Altered patient with prolonged expiration and tripoding

A

c. Hypoxic patient breathing 12 times a minute with adequate tidal volume

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2
Q

A patient has rapid, shallow respirations, obtunded after being trapped in a house fire. You should:

a. Suction the airway
b. Obtain a set of vital signs
c. Administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
d. Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask

A

d. Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask

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3
Q

The electrical impulse is slowed to one or two-tenths of a second to allow blood to pass into the ventricles at what part of the heart?

  • SA node
  • Internodal pathway
  • AV node
  • Left bundle branch
A
  • AV node
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4
Q

________ have the thickness of approximately one cell and connect arterioles to venules.

  • Bronchioles
  • Red blood cells
  • Venule branches
  • Capillaries
A
  • Capillaries
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5
Q

Because of the blockage (partial or complete) of blood flow through the coronary arteries, the heart muscle and other tissues fail to get enough oxygen. This insufficient amount of oxygen is also called:

  • Cellular death
  • Ischemia
  • Narcosis
  • Atherosclerosis
A
  • Ischemia
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6
Q

Which of the following is NOT an immunization recommended for EMS personnel?

  • Mumps
  • Tetanus
  • Varicella
  • Measles
A
  • Varicella
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7
Q

Pink, frothy sputum is typically seen with a patient who has:

  • Pulmonary edema
  • COPD
  • Asthma
  • ARDS
A
  • Pulmonary edema
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8
Q

The passive process in which molecules from an area of higher concentration move to an area of lower concentration is:

  • Osmosis
  • Equalization
  • Diffusion
  • Metabolization
A
  • Diffusion
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9
Q

Deliveries that occur before _______ weeks gestation are considered premature.

  • 26
  • 28
  • 36
  • 22
A
  • 36
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10
Q

When the aortic valve closes, blood flow:

  • Stops
  • Continues into the ventricles
  • Slows to allow filling of the atria
  • Increases in order to travel to the peripheral arteries
A
  • Stops
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11
Q

When determining if a patient has a behavioral emergency, you should first:

  • Have law enforcement respond to place the person into custody
  • Rule out any medical problems or emergencies
  • See what medications the patient is prescribed
  • Interview bystanders
A
  • Rule out any medical problems or emergencies
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12
Q

What carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange?

  • Aorta
  • Vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
A
  • Pulmonary artery
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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT a cause for fetal bradycardia?

  • Epidural medications
  • Hypoxia
  • Narcotics
  • Maternal anxiety
A
  • Maternal anxiety
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14
Q

In the early stage of hypothermia, respirations will be:

  • Rapid
  • Slow
  • Normal
  • Deep
A
  • Rapid
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15
Q

When testing your suction equipment prior to use, you should turn it on and make sure that it is able to generate a vacuum of more than _________ mmHg.

  • 100
  • 550
  • 1,000
  • 300
A
  • 300
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16
Q

Your patient has fallen off a bike and has abrasions to his right knee. Which type of bleeding corresponds to this injury?

  • Capillary
  • Venous
  • Arterial
  • Internal
A
  • Capillary
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17
Q

The spitting up of blood is called:

  • Epistaxis
  • Hemolysis
  • Hematuria
  • Hemoptysis
A
  • Hemoptysis
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18
Q

The heel bone is also called the:

  • Calcaneus
  • Malleolus
  • Carpal
  • Patella
A
  • Calcaneus
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19
Q

When performing CPR on an adult patient, how deeply should the chest be depressed?

  • 2 inches
  • ½ inches
  • 1 inch
  • 3 inches
A
  • 2 inches
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20
Q

Which of the following indicates the need for immediate defibrillation?

  • Asystole
  • PEA
  • Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
  • Atrial fibrillation
A
  • Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
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21
Q

A blood loss of _______ in an infant can be life threatening.

  • 50-75 cc
  • 100-200 cc
  • 75-100 cc
  • 50 cc
A
  • 100-200 cc
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22
Q

A normal blood glucose level for an adult is:

  • 100-180 mg/dL
  • 60-80 mg/dL
  • 80-120 mg/dL
  • 120-180 mg/dL
A
  • 80-120 mg/dL
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23
Q

Which of the following medications is supplied as a suspension?

  • Albuterol
  • Oral glucose
  • Activated charcoal
  • Nitroglycerine
A
  • Activated charcoal
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24
Q

The last portion of tracheal cartilage that separates the opening into the right and left mainstem bronchi is the:

  • Epiglottis
  • Vallecula
  • Larynx
  • Carina
A
  • Carina
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25
Q

The orbit (eye socket) is made up of what bones?

  • Frontal, maxillae, and sphenoid
  • Frontal, mandible, and zygoma
  • Zygoma, temporal, and frontal
  • Frontal, zygoma, and maxillae
A
  • Frontal, zygoma, and maxillae
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26
Q

The laryngeal mask airway was initially designed:

  • For the use of EMTs in the field
  • For use in a controlled environment, such as an operating room
  • For use by the military
  • To allow the patient to step down from a more invasive device when kneeling
A
  • For use in a controlled environment, such as an operating room
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27
Q

Preeclampsia typically develops after the ________ week of pregnancy.

  • Twentieth
  • Thirtieth
  • Twenty-eighth
  • Thirty-sixth
A
  • Twentieth
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28
Q

Infarction means:

  • The death of tissue
  • Inadequate tissue perfusion
  • Decreased blood flow
  • None of the above
A
  • The death of tissue
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29
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  • Only some infectious diseases are contagious, but all contagious diseases are infectious
  • All infectious diseases are contagious
  • Some contagious diseases are infectious
  • None of the above
A
  • Only some infectious diseases are contagious, but all contagious diseases are infectious
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30
Q

What is the incubation period for hepatitis B?

  • 1-2 weeks
  • 2-10 weeks
  • 8-21 weeks
  • 2-6 weeks
A
  • 8-21 weeks
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31
Q

Anisocoria is:

  • Explosive diarrhea
  • Posturing
  • Unequal pupils
  • Dilation of the blood vessels
A
  • Unequal pupils
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32
Q

Which of the following is the medical term for double vision?

  • Dysplopia
  • Diplopia
  • Photophobia
  • Conjunctival vision
A
  • Diplopia
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33
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the classic signs seen in Cushing’s triad?

  • Rise in blood pressure
  • Slowing pulse
  • Irregular pupils
  • Erratic respirations
A
  • Irregular pupils
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34
Q

A 16-year-old female says she is short of breath. She is alert and is speaking seven to eight words in between breaths. She has hives on her chest and arms, and her skin is pale. You should:

  • Ventilate the patient with a bag-valve mask
  • Insert a nasopharyngeal airway
  • Administer supplemental oxygen
  • Apply continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A
  • Administer supplemental oxygen
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35
Q

A woman is injured after dousing a barbeque with lighter fluid. She is awake and alert, and has burns to her face and chest. You can hear audible stridor when she breathes. You should first:

  • Cover the burns with a sterile burn sheet
  • Administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
  • Insert a nasopharyngeal airway
  • Suction the airway
A
  • Administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
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36
Q

All of the following demonstrate impaired ventilation
EXCEPT:

  • Conscious patient breathing 12 times a minute; breathing is shallow
  • Patient breathing 4 times a minute with adequate tidal volume
  • Hypoxic patient breathing 12 times a minute with adequate tidal volume
  • Altered patient with prolonged expiration and tripoding
A
  • Patient breathing 4 times a minute with adequate tidal volume
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37
Q

A patient has rapid, shallow respirations, obtunded after being trapped in a house fire. You should:

  • Suction the airway
  • Obtain a set of vitals
  • Administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask
A
  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask
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38
Q

A patient presents conscious and alert with a respiratory rate of 22 breaths a minute. You auscultate crackles up to the middle lobes of both lungs, and her skin is clammy with peripheral cyanosis. She has a medical history of asthma and left-sided heart failure. The best way to correct the patient’s underlying problem is to:

  • Initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
  • Initiate bag-valve-mask ventilation
  • Administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
  • Assist the patient with her meter dosed inhaler
A
  • Initiate non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
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39
Q

A conscious 6-month-old is moving around, turning blue, and not making any sounds or moving any air. You should:

  • Check her pulse
  • Deliver abdominal thrusts
  • Perform 5 back blows (slaps)
  • Administer 30 chest compressions
A
  • Perform 5 back blows (slaps)
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40
Q

A 6-month-old male with no medical history has a two-day history of low-grade fever, tachypnea, and wheezing. Auscultation of lung sounds reveals inspiratory and expiratory wheezes to all lobes bilaterally. This is most consistent with:

  • Epiglottis
  • Pneumonia
  • Croup
  • Bronchiolitis
A
  • Bronchiolitis
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41
Q

A 12-year-old male fell off a second-floor balcony and presents in respiratory arrest. You note a large contusion to his forehead, and he has a heart rate of 62. You should first:

  • Determine his blood pressure
  • Perform full spinal immobilization
  • Ventilate with a bag-valve-mask
  • Administer chest compressions
A
  • Ventilate with a bag-valve-mask
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42
Q

You have a patient that has a history of asthma and is having shortness of breath. The patient has a doctor’s prescription to take 2 puffs of an Albuterol MDI every four hours as needed. Your local EMS policies allow you to help a patient self administer the MDI. What side effect should you watch for from the MDI?

  • Sleepiness
  • Vomiting
  • Increased heart rate
  • Hypotension
A
  • Increased heart rate
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43
Q

A 64-year-old-female with a history of congestive heart failure has a sudden onset of shortness of breath. She is alert, with rapid and deep respirations and cool, pale, and diaphoretic skin. You auscultate rales (crackles) bilaterally. You should:

  • Administer continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
  • Administer oxygen via nasal cannula
  • Administer oxygen via a non rebreather
  • Determine the patient’s blood pressure
A
  • Administer continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
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44
Q

Bronchospasm, bronchial edema, and increased mucus production in the lower airways best

  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Emphysema
A
  • Asthma
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45
Q

A patient presents with a left-sided spontaneous pneumothorax. Which of the following would best suggest that a tension pneumothorax was developing?

  • Decreased lung sounds on the left
  • Jugular venous distension
  • Hypertension
  • Deviation of trachea to the left
A
  • Jugular venous distension
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46
Q

An elderly female presents supine in her bed, alert and in respiratory distress. You can hear audible crackles as she breathes. Her blood pressure is 240/120 mmHg, her heart rate is 100 and irregular, and her respiratory rate is 22 breaths per minute. You should immediately:

  • Begin bag-valve-mask ventilations with supplemental oxygen
  • Place her into a sitting position, with her feet dangling over the edge of the bed
  • Administer low-flow oxygen via a nasal cannula
  • Turn her left lateral recumbent and administer high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreather
A
  • Place her into a sitting position, with her feet dangling over the edge of the bed
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47
Q

Which of the following statement regarding asthma is TRUE?

  • Albuterol nebulizer should only be given once prior to the hospital
  • Wheezing always occurs in the setting of an asthma attack
  • History of intubation is irrelevant in the prehospital setting
  • The primary issue in asthma exacerbation is impaired ventilation
A
  • The primary issue in asthma exacerbation is impaired ventilation
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48
Q

A 72-year-old male with a history of chronic bronchitis has been increasingly short of breath over the past 24 hours. He reports having wheezing and productive cough over the past ten days. His skin is warm, pale, and dry; his breathing rate is 24 times a minute. You should do all of the following EXCEPT:

  • Administer oxygen supplementation
  • Administer bronchodilators
  • Titrate oxygen to SpO2 of 88-92%
  • Suction his secretions
A
  • Suction his secretions
49
Q

A 10-month-old child presents in his parent’s arms. The parent reports the child has had a fever, runny nose, and decreasing appetite in the past four days. The child cries when you examine him. He has nasal flaring, a nonproductive cough and warm, flush skin. His breathing rate is 28 times per minute, and his heart rate is 120. You should:

  • Assist ventilations with a pediatric bag-valve mask and oxygen
  • Suction the nose and mouth with a bulb syringe
  • Administer oxygen for via blow-by
  • Administer pediatric acetaminophen
A
  • Administer oxygen for via blow-by
50
Q

An elderly female presents unconscious on the floor with hematoma on her forehead. Her skin is pale, cool, and dry. She is breathing at a rate of 4 times per minute. You can hear snoring sounds when she breathes. She has a faint, slow carotid pulse. You should first:

  • Perform a head-tilt, chin-lift procedure and insert an oropharyngeal airway
  • Perform a jaw thrust, and suction with a hard-tip catheter
  • Manually stabilize the cervical spine and perform a jaw thrust
  • Administer high-flow oxygen with a nonrebreather mask
A
  • Manually stabilize the cervical spine and perform a jaw thrust
51
Q

A 20-year-old male presents prone in bed. Roommates say that he returned from a party earlier that evening complaining of a headache. He is unresponsive to painful stimulus, and vomits when you roll him over to a supine position. You should:

  • Insert an oropharyngeal airway
  • Insert an nasopharyngeal airway
  • Place the patient in a sitting position
  • Suction the airway with a rigid-tip catheter
A
  • Suction the airway with a rigid-tip catheter
52
Q

A call has come in for a possible drowning. You and your partner respond to a public swimming pool a few blocks from the station. A 9-year-old boy apparently slipped while running, hit his head on the edge of the pool, and fell in. He has no pulse and he is not breathing. What would be your best choice of action?

  • Take mechanical c-spine precautions and begin CPR delivering 5-6 breaths per minute while giving 100 compressions in that same time period
  • Apply a cervical collar and begin respirations and compressions at a 30:2 ratio and deliver breaths with a BVM at 12-20 breaths per minute
  • Take manual stabilization of the boy’s head and neck while additional rescuers ventilate at about 13 breaths per minute and provide at least 100 compressions per minute
  • Insert an oropharyngeal measured from the corner of his mouth to his earlobe and begin assisting ventilations at 15-30 breaths per minute
A
  • Take manual stabilization of the boy’s head and neck while additional rescuers ventilate at about 13 breaths per minute and provide at least 100 compressions per minute
53
Q

A 20-month-old child does not respond to your presence. She is breathing 12 times per minute, and her pulse rate is 60. She has been having difficulty breathing during the past 12 hours. You should:

  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask
  • Have the parent administer supplemental oxygen using the blow-by technique
  • Place her in a sitting position and open her airway
  • Administer high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
A
  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask
54
Q

An adult with a respiration rate of __________ per minute would be considered within normal limits. A child aged 3-5 with a respiration rate of ____________ per minute would be considered within normal limits and an infant who is breathing at __________ per minute would be considered within normal limits.

  • 22, 32, 42
  • 20, 40, 60
  • 16, 25, 40
  • 11, 6, 15
A
  • 16, 25, 40
55
Q

Which of the following is FALSE regarding suctioning?

  • Suction only as far as you can see
  • Shorter suction time should be used in infant and children
  • Rinse catheter with sterile water between suction to prevent drying of material
  • French tip catheter should be used in infant and children
A
  • French tip catheter should be used in infant and children
56
Q

What would be the correct sequence of treatment? A 76-year-old female with a pulse of 142. The patient is breathing rapidly with adequate rise and fall of the chest. She is also cyanotic around the lips and nail beds?

  • Continue assessing in route to the hospital and apply high-flow oxygen
  • Continue assessment to determine cause and call ALS
  • Ventilate her with a BVM and transport
  • Perform a rapid trauma assessment and transport rapidly
A
  • Continue assessing in route to the hospital and apply high-flow oxygen
57
Q

After the trachea, the airway divides into the two:

  • Bronchioles
  • Cricoids
  • Bronchi
  • Aveoli
A
  • Bronchi
58
Q

An unconscious patient is found and he has blood, teeth, and thick food debris in the upper airway. What is the best way to clear the patient’s airway safely and effectively?

  • Log roll the patient to the side and clear the mouth carefully with a gloved finger using a blind finger sweep
  • Use a rigid catheter to suction away the debris
  • Apply a nonrebreathing mask with high-flow oxygen, and allow the secretions to drain into the stomach
  • Log roll the patient to the side and clear the mouth carefully with a gloved finger, clearing only those foreign bodies that are visible
A
  • Log roll the patient to the side and clear the mouth carefully with a gloved finger, clearing only those foreign bodies that are visible
59
Q

You and your partner arrive on scene to find a woman with hives over much of her body. There’s no sign of wheezing or respiratory distress. She is warm and well perfused. Her husband says she was stung by a hornet and has no prior history of allergies. What would be the best course of action?

  • Measure vitals, then given epinephrine injection if the vitals are normal
  • Monitor her vitals, airway, continue focused assessment
  • Administer epinephrine to the thigh immediately
  • Rapid transport and administer oxygen
A
  • Monitor her vitals, airway, continue focused assessment
60
Q

A child between 3-5 would have normal vitals if they were?

  • 20 breaths a minute, pulse of 120, and Systolic BP of 70
  • 24 breaths a minute, pulse of 60, and Systolic BP of 98
  • 20 breaths a minute, pulse of 100, and Systolic BP of 110
  • 35 breaths a minute, pulse of 88, and Systolic BP of 100
A
  • 20 breaths a minute, pulse of 100, and Systolic BP of 110
61
Q

You arrive on scene to find a young woman who is having trouble talking. She has hives and is starting to gasp for air. Her friend says she was just stung by a bee. Your immediate actions should include all of the following EXCEPT:

  • Administer supplemental oxygen
  • Inquired about allergy history
  • Provide airway support
  • Administer epinephrine if your local EMS protocols allow
A
  • Inquired about allergy history
62
Q

Which of the following terms correspond with the right description?

  • Vesicular – loud snoring sound
  • Rales – low pitch gurgling sound
  • Ronchi – wet, crackling sound
  • Wheezing – a high-pitched whistling sound
A
  • Wheezing – a high-pitched whistling sound
63
Q

A 70-year-old female awoke at 2 a.m. very short of breath. She is awake and coughing, with wheezing auscultated in both lungs. Her blood pressure is 210/136 mmHg, her pulse is 100, and her breathing is 22 times per minute. Her medical history includes hypertension, and her feet appear swollen. What is the most likely cause of the presentation?

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Asthma
  • Pulmonary embolus
A
  • Congestive heart failure
64
Q

An elderly female is unresponsive to painful stimulus after a sudden collapse. You detect a rapid pulse and a respiratory rate of 4 breaths per minute. Your partner begins to apply the AED pads to the patient’s chest. You should:

  • Administer high-flow oxygen using a nonrebreather mask
  • Deliver rescue breaths at 30:2 ratio
  • Stop your partner from applying AED pads
  • Begin chest compression
A
  • Stop your partner from applying AED pads
65
Q

Your patient complains of dizziness and a headache. He has a history of angina that is treated with nitroglycerin and high blood pressure for which he has not been taking his prescribed medication. His blood pressure is for which he has not been taking his prescribed medications. His blood pressure is 230/164 mmHg, his heart rate is 84, and his respiratory rate is 16 breaths per minute. This patient is most at risk of developing:

  • Syncope
  • Intracranial bleed
  • Shock
  • Pulmonary embolism
A
  • Intracranial bleed
66
Q

A 65-year-old female is supine in bed with difficulty breathing and substernal chest pressure. She is alert and breathing 26 times per minute, with crackles auscultated bilaterally. Accessory muscle use is evident. Her blood pressure is 220/104 mmHg, her heart rate is 90 and irregular, and she has cool, diaphoretic skin. You should:

  • Assist with her breathing using a bag-valve mask and oxygen
  • Sit her upright and administer high-flow oxygen
  • Assist the patient with her blood pressure medications
  • Keep her supine and administer low-flow oxygen
A
  • Sit her upright and administer high-flow oxygen
67
Q

A monitor/defibrillator that delivers a shock by sending energy in a flow from negative to positive is:

  • Automated
  • Biphasic
  • Monophasic
  • Triphasic
A
  • Monophasic
68
Q

You finish 2 minutes of CPR on an adult patient. You detect a carotid pulse. The patient is not breathing. You should:

  • Activate the AED
  • Ventilate every 5 seconds with a bag-valve mask
  • Begin chest compressions
  • Place the patient in the recovery position
A
  • Ventilate every 5 seconds with a bag-valve mask
69
Q

Your patient is at her office, complaining of a headache, and “loud ringing in her ears.” She is alert, with a pulse rate of 90, blood pressure of 260/110 mmHg, and a respiratory rate of 16 times per minute. She has equal strength and movement in all extremities and speaks without difficulty. She has a medical history of asthma and has an inhaler. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause her presenting signs and symptoms?

  • Trauma to the head
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
  • Ischemic stroke
  • Hypertensive emergency
A
  • Hypertensive emergency
70
Q

The blood travels from the right ventricle to the _________ and from the left ventricle to the ________?

  • Pulmonary artery, Aortic arch
  • Lungs, Superior Vena Cava
  • Pulmonary vein, Left atrium
  • Aorta, Lungs
A
  • Pulmonary artery, Aortic arch
71
Q

Blood travels into the right atrium from the ___________.

  • Pulmonary vein
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Inferior and superior vena cava
A
  • Inferior and superior vena cava
72
Q

All of the following are contraindications to give a cardiac patient aspirin EXCEPT:

  • Documented allergy
  • Obtundation
  • History of stomach ulcer
  • Possible aortic aneurysm rupture
A
  • History of stomach ulcer
73
Q

A 27-year-old male complains of itching and coughing after a meal. You observe hives on the patient’s face and arms. His blood pressure is 160/92 mmHg, his pulse rate is 90 and he’s breathing 20 times per minute. Lung sounds are clear bilaterally; the patient is alert, anxious, and agitated. He denies history of allergy. What should you do next?

  • Assist the patient in administering epinephrine auto-injector
  • Administer an oral dose of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
  • Administer activated charcoal
  • Prepare for transport
A
  • Prepare for transport
74
Q

Your patient has difficulty breathing and feeling faint. He had taken a dose of antibiotics after a surgical procedure at the dentist’s office. You can auscultate wheezes in both lungs. His pulse rate is 120, and his blood pressure is 88/50 mmHg. The patient has a prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector. You should:

  • Contact the dentist to determine the type of antibiotics
  • Help the patient sit up to help his breathing
  • Help administer the patient’s prescribed epinephrine auto-injector
  • Administer Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
A
  • Help administer the patient’s prescribed epinephrine auto-injector
75
Q

A 74-year-old female presents in her bed, unresponsive to painful stimulus. Family reports the patient has had flu-like symptoms for a week but has refused to see a doctor. Her pulse is 110 and regular, her blood pressure is 70 by palpation, and her respirations are 28 and shallow. Her lips appear cyanotic. Which of the following best describes your treatment?

  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask and oxygen; keep the patient supine
    `- Administer high-flow oxygen with a nonrebreather mask
  • Place patient in sitting position; assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask and high-flow oxygen
  • Administer low-flow oxygen with a nasal cannula
A
  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask and oxygen; keep the patient supine
76
Q

You arrive on the scene of a college dorm. A college student called EMS because his roommate was “not looking right”. You learned that the patient developed flu symptoms a few days ago and now appeared lethargic. The patient was lying in bed, opened his eyes but did not acknowledge your presence. He was breathing in a deep and rapid pattern. His breath smelled fruity. He is hugging his abdomen and groaning in pain. You should suspect:

  • Intoxication
  • Stroke
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Sepsis
A
  • Hyperglycemia
77
Q

A patient is having difficulty breathing at a dialysis center. A nurse reports that the patient had not yet begun her dialysis session when she became short of breath. The patient is alert and using accessory muscles to breathe. You auscultate crackles in both lung fields. Her blood pressure is 170/112 mmHg, and her heart rate is 90 beats per minute and irregular. She is breathing 22 times a minute. Her skin is pale, warm, and diaphoretic. You should:

  • Sit her up and administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
  • Lay her supine and administer oxygen via nonrebreather mask
  • Place her in semi-Fowler’s position and assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask and oxygen
  • Sit her up and assist her ventilations with a bag-valve mask and oxygen
A
  • Sit her up and administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
78
Q

A 82-year-old Type 2 diabetic living in a nursing home has a four-day history of declining mental status. Staff reports that the patient has not been eating or taking meds after developing flu like symptoms a few days ago. The patient has been increasingly thirsty and having frequent urination. He is most likely suffering from:

  • Hypoglycemia
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Brain tumor
  • Stroke
A
  • Hyperglycemia
79
Q

All of the following can be signs of hypoglycemia EXCEPT:

  • Abdominal pain and tachypnea
  • Anxiety or gitteirness
  • Cool and diaphoretic skin
  • Seizure
A
  • Abdominal pain and tachypnea
80
Q

A 55-year-old man has been having gradually worsening abdominal pain for 1 day. The pain is located in the left lower quadrant. You noted the patient is warm, diaphoretic, and has rebound tenderness in the left lower quadrant. You should suspect:

  • Appendicitis
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Kidney stone
  • Bowel perforation
A
  • Bowel perforation
81
Q

Which of the following suggests vasovagal episode as the cause of syncope?

  • Patient experiences a postictal period afterward
  • Patient syncopized without any warning signs
  • Patient quickly regains consciousness after being positioned supine
  • Patient’s tachycardic and hypertensive after recovery
A
  • Patient quickly regains consciousness after being positioned supine
82
Q

Which of the following infectious diseases is transmittable by coming in contact with an infected person’s blood?

  • Meningitis
  • Hepatitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Influence
A
  • Hepatitis
83
Q

Which of the following statements is correct with regard to evaluating female patients with abdominal pain?

  • You should determine the specific cause of the patient’s pain
  • You should admininster oxygen due to possibility of internal hemorrhage
  • You don’t have to evaluate sexual history if the patient is over 60 years old
  • You should evaluate change in patient’s bowel or urinary function
A
  • You should evaluate change in patient’s bowel or urinary function
84
Q

After three days of diffuse abdominal pain, a 21-year-old patient states that the pain is now located in her lower right quadrant. Which of the following is true?

  • The intestinal appendage is blocked by feces causing inflammation
  • The intestine is likely ruptured
  • The definitive treatment is antibiotics
  • There’s blockage of ureter on the right side
A
  • The intestinal appendage is blocked by feces causing inflammation
85
Q

Which statement regarding gastroenteritis is FALSE?

  • The condition is often self limiting
  • Children are much more sensitive than adults to fluid loss associated with gastroenteritis
  • It is most often caused by virus
  • Patient can present with hemorrhagic shock
A
  • Patient can present with hemorrhagic shock
86
Q

Which of the following is true regarding Epinephrine?

  • Unintentional side effects include bradycardia and flushed skin
  • Indication of epinephrine are decreasing mental status, difficulty breathing, and hypotension
  • Epinephrine dilates the bronchioles and peripheral vessels
  • It is administered subcutaneously
A
  • Indication of epinephrine are decreasing mental status, difficulty breathing, and hypotension
87
Q

A 9-month-old infant has had a cough, a fever, and diarrhea for 24 hours. Her diaper is dry and her skin feels warm and dry. Her heart rate is 160, and she is breathing 45 times per minute. She cries weakly upon stimulation. Which of the following conditions do you suspect is most likely causing her presentation?

  • Respiratory distress is secondary to cough
  • Respiratory failure secondary to bronchiolitis
  • Shock secondary to dehydration
  • Shock secondary to cardiac dysthymia
A
  • Shock secondary to dehydration
88
Q

Cardiac arrest in children is most commonly due to _____________.

  • A congenital heart defect
  • A heart attack
  • Internal bleeding
  • Respiratory failure
A
  • Respiratory failure
89
Q

A 4-month-old infant is face up in his crib, pulseless and apneic. There appears to be dark bruising along his back and buttocks. The infant is cold to the touch, cyanotic, and stiff. You should:

  • Begin chest compressions and ventilations
  • Do nothing and transport the infant to the hospital
  • Provide emotional support for the family
  • Bring the infant into the ambulance and call police
A
  • Provide emotional support for the family
90
Q

A 4-year-old female is nauseous, vomiting, and has diarrhea lasting 40 minutes. Her last oral intake was lunch an hour earlier. She has cramping and pain across her abdomen. She is warm and dry to the touch. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her presentation?

  • Appendicitis
  • Cholecystitis
  • Food poisoning
  • Peritonitis
A
  • Food poisoning
91
Q

A child falls off his bicycle at a high rate of speed. He has road rash on his hands, knees, and left side of his body; a contusion on the left parietal portion of his body; and a deformity to his left shoulder. He is unresponsive and breathing 6 times per minute. His pulse rate is 76. What should you do first?

  • Splint the injured shoulder
  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask at a rate of 20 per minute
  • Immobilize the patient to a long backboard
  • Provide high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
A
  • Assist ventilations with a bag-valve mask at a rate of 20 per minute
92
Q

A patient has been assaulted with a metal bar. You see bruises to the left side of the head, the left lateral chest wall, and the right upper quadrant of his abdomen. His blood pressure is 98/68 mmHg, he has a heart rate of 136 beats per minute, and he has a respiratory rate of 26 breaths per minute with equal, clear sounds. His skin is cool, diaphoretic, and pale. Which injury would most likely cause his presentation?

  • Hemothorax
  • Brain injury
  • Ruptured spleen
  • Lacerated liver
A
  • Lacerated liver
93
Q

A patient has been struck over the head during an assault. He responds to pain by moaning only. His arms are slightly flexed which increases with a sternal rub. His eyes remain closed throughout your exam. How would he score on the Glasgow Coma Scale?

  • 6
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
A
  • 6
94
Q

The medical term for coughing up blood is:

  • Hematemesis
  • Hemoptysis
  • Epistaxis
  • Anaphylaxis
A
  • Hemoptysis
95
Q

When treating a patient with an abdominal evisceration, placing her hips and knees in a flexed position will:

  • Help with pain relief
  • Decrease abdominal muscle tension
  • Slow bleeding
  • Help prevent infection
A
  • Decrease abdominal muscle tension
96
Q

Select the best option to identify possible symptoms of a genitourinary (GU) injury:

  • Hematoma, ureteral bleeding
  • Bloody stool, hematuria
  • Perineal bleeding, ecchymosis
  • Hematuria, blood at the opening of the urethra
A
  • Hematuria, blood at the opening of the urethra
97
Q

Your patient presents with an angulated fracture of her lower leg. There is no pedal pulse and her foot is cold. You should immediately:

  • Attempt to realign the leg
  • Splint the leg as found
  • Apply a traction splint
  • Perform full spinal immobilization
A
  • Attempt to realign the leg
98
Q

Compared to an adult, a child’s liver and spleen are more susceptible to injury from blunt force trauma because the:

  • Liver and spleen are more protected by the rib cage
  • Abdominal wall has a thicker layer of fat
  • Thorax is more pliable
  • Abdominal organs are more fragile
A
  • Liver and spleen are more protected by the rib cage
99
Q

Your patient is supine on the sidewalk. As you approach, you observe an open wound to the anterior chest wall. You should first:

  • Administer oxygen
  • Dress and bandage the wound
  • Apply an occlusive dressing
  • Determine his heart rate
A
  • Apply an occlusive dressing
100
Q

Your patient presents unconscious with a metal rod impaled through her jaw. Her respirations are slow and shallow; she is cyanotic. Because of the rod, you can’t form an adequate seal with the bag-valve mask. You should:

  • Administer oxygen via a nonrebreather mask
  • Administer oxygen via a blow by
  • Remove the object
  • Call Advanced Life Support (ALS) to perform a surgical airway
A
  • Remove the object
101
Q

Your patient was slashed across her abdomen with a razer knife. You see an open wound with the protruding intestines. You should first:

  • Provide cervical spine stabilization
  • Cover the injury with a moist gauze dressing
  • Apply direct pressure over the injury
  • Cover the injury with a three-sided occlusive dressing
A
  • Cover the injury with a moist gauze dressing
102
Q

Your patient presents with a fractured pelvis. He has a blood pressure of 132/84 mmHg and a heart rate of 108. You should:

  • Apply and inflate the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG)
  • Apply a traction splint
  • Wrap the pelvis with a sheet
  • Splint with a sling and swathe
A
  • Wrap the pelvis with a sheet
103
Q

Which of the following exam findings indicates the greatest potential for harm in a patient with a head injury?

  • Retrograde amnesia
  • High blood pressure
  • Ringing in the ears
  • Nausea
A
  • High blood pressure
104
Q

A female is involved in a head-on collision with another vehicle. There is damage to the steering column, and you note a large contusion to her sternum. She is confused and tachypneic with a week, rapid, carotid pulse only. Her blood pressure is 112/96 mmHg, and her respiratory rate is 20 with equal chest rise. There is jugular venous distension (JVD), and her skin is cool and moist. Which of the following injuries most likely represents her presentation?

  • Tension pneumothorax
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Myocardial contusion
  • Hemothorax
A
  • Cardiac tamponade
105
Q

A male passenger is sitting in the front seat of a motor vehicle when it is involved in an offset frontal crash. He presents awake and complaining of pressure and tightness in his chest wall that is tender to palpation. His pulse is regular and rapid; his blood pressure is 156/82 mmHg, and he is breathing 16 times per minute. You suspect which of the possible injuries?

  • Pneumothorax
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Myocardial contusion
  • Flail segment
A
  • Myocardial contusion
106
Q

A 20-year-old female dove into a pool headfirst and did not resurface. She was removed from the pool by lifeguards who reported she was initially unconscious. She is now awake, confused, and unable to follow your commands. You note a hematoma and abrasions to her left temple. Her heart rate is 68, her respiratory rate is 32 and shallow, and her blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg. You suspect her presentation may be due to:

  • Increased cranial pressure
  • Bleeding under the skin
  • A spinal cord injury
  • A partially obstructed airway
A
  • A spinal cord injury
107
Q

A 68-year-old female is short of breath. Two days ago, she slipped down the two steps in front of her porch, hitting the stair railing with her left side in order to keep herself from falling down. Since this morning she has felt increasingly short of breath, weak, and nauseated. Her skin is pale, cool, and dry. Her blood pressure is 118/68 mmHg, her heart rate is 100 and is breathing 20 times per minute. Her lung sounds are clear and you observe a large bruise lateral to her left upper quadrant. Your treatment would include:

  • Positioning her supine, maintaining body temperature, and administering low-flow oxygen via a nasal cannula
  • Positioning her in full Fowler’s position, administering high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreather mask, and initiating rapid transport
  • Positioning her on her right side, administering high-flow oxygen via a nonrebreather mask, and preparing for suction
  • Positioning her in a seated position on the ambulance bench seat, being prepared to suction, and administering low-flow oxygen via nasal cannula
A
  • Positioning her supine, maintaining body temperature, and administering low-flow oxygen via a nasal cannula
108
Q

A worker is injured in an industrial accident. He is bleeding profusely from a laceration that runs from his right wrist to his elbow. You should first:

  • Apply a tourniquet just above the elbow
  • Apply direct pressure to the wound
  • Apply pressure to the brachial artery of the right arm
  • Elevate the arm above the level of the heart
A
  • Apply a tourniquet just above the elbow
109
Q

You and your partner are called to scene of a stabbing. There are two patients reported. A woman with a stab wound to the URQ and a man with a stab wound to the LRQ. The woman with the wound in the URQ is having problems breathing, has a pulse of 103, respirations of 35, and they are shallow. The patient with the stab wound to the LRQ is complaining of severe abdominal pain and has a pulse of 48 and a respiration rate of 24. Which patient is most likely to have a low blood pressure? Why?

  • The man, because of the nature and location of the injury, he may be losing blood internally and his pulse and his pulse is too slow
  • The woman, because if she cannot breathe well her BP will drop
  • The man, because a respiration rate of 24 is indicative of low blood pressure
  • Neither will have a low blood pressure, they will both be high
A
  • The man, because of the nature and location of the injury, he may be losing blood internally and his pulse and his pulse is too slow
110
Q

Of the following, where shouldn’t attention be focused during secondary assessment of the arms?

  • Accessory muscle use
  • Distal circulation
  • Motor function
  • Medical jewelry
A
  • Accessory muscle use
111
Q

Rapid breathing is first seen in what stage of shock?

  • Decompensated
  • Irreversible
  • Compensated
  • None of the above
A
  • Compensated
112
Q

What is the first step to consider in the process of caring for a patient in extreme cold with exposure?

  • Prepare to prevent personal harm from cold exposure
  • Assess MOI and begin warming patient
  • Check patient airway and stabilize
  • Obtain patient temperature and begin warming patient
A
  • Prepare to prevent personal harm from cold exposure
113
Q

Which of these is not true about assessing for internal injuries and bleeding?

  • Bleeding from any body opening is a serious indicator of internal bleeding from injuries
  • Pain is usually not an indicator of internal bleeding from injuries
  • Bruising and swelling may not be seen immediately after an internal injury
  • Bruising and swelling are indicators of possible internal bleeding from injuries
A
  • Pain is usually not an indicator of internal bleeding from injuries
114
Q

Which of the following is considered a tertiary blast injury?

  • Injuries due to flying debris
  • Injuries due to blast
  • Injuries due to being hurled into a stationary object
  • Injuries due to fires started by the blast
A
  • Injuries due to being hurled into a stationary object
115
Q

What four general legal elements must be proven to have happened in a medical negligence lawsuit?

  • Damages, causation, duty to act, breach of duty
  • Causation, physical injuries only, duty to respond, expectation of payment
  • Duty to act, breach of duty, damages, deliberate intent
  • Breach of duty, damages, incompetence, malfeasance
A
  • Damages, causation, duty to act, breach of duty
116
Q

After a call, you note that there is vomit on your uniform pants. You should:

  • Wipe the vomit off with a wet towel
  • Clean your pants with a disinfectant agent
  • Wash your pants in hot, soapy water
  • Sterilize your pants with steam
A
  • Wash your pants in hot, soapy water
117
Q

You and your partner arrive on scene to find a man in his early twenties with a large gash on his forearm that is spurting blood. You immediately apply pressure with your gloved as your partner hands you a trauma dressing. The patient is pale with a weak rapid pulse and respirations of 30 breaths per minute. As you are finishing your initial assessment and bandaging the wound the PT tells you to get a away from him. Your best course of action would be to do what?

  • Have your partner wrestle him onto the stretcher
  • Tell the patient you cannot leave him until the wound is bandaged and then restrain him to the stretcher
  • Explain to the patient that you are almost finished bandaging his wound and you will leave him alone then
  • Stop bandaging the wound and call for police assistance in restraining the patient for transport
A
  • Explain to the patient that you are almost finished bandaging his wound and you will leave him alone then
118
Q

From which direction should you never approach a helicopter while its engine is operating?

  • The front
  • The rear
  • The pilot’s blind spot
  • The left side
A
  • The rear

NREMT EXAM (2 decks)

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