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National Park Resources > NP Evolution and Volcanism > Flashcards

NP Evolution and Volcanism Flashcards

1
Q

Where do earthquakes occur

A

along plate bounary lines

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2
Q

3 primary collisions

A

convergent, divergent, transform

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3
Q

Which plate sinks due to being more dense, oceanic or continental

A

oceanic

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4
Q

another word for mantle plume

A

hot spot

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5
Q

why do hot areas become inactive

A

they move with the plate

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6
Q

accreted terranes

A

lithosphere carried by plate that eventually collides and fuses with another plate

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7
Q

magma?
lava?

A

beneath
surface

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8
Q

pyroclastic

A

pumice, ash, cinder, bombs, blocks thrown from a vent during an eruption

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9
Q

plutonic?
volcanic?

A

intrusive
extrusive

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10
Q

what determines nature of volcano eruptions?

A

magma chemistry and gas

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11
Q

what is critical to magma chemistry?`

A

quantity of silica

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12
Q

high silica eruptions

A

pyroclastic

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13
Q

low silica eruptions

A

nonexplosive

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14
Q

viscosity

A

state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency

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15
Q

higher silica = higher viscosity, solidify at lower temps
lower silica = ?

A

lower viscosity, eruptions hot and fluid

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16
Q

what is gas mostly made of

A

water vapor

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17
Q

lava flow and flood basalt

A

vast accumulation of lava build up

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18
Q

pyroclastic flows

A

avalanche of hot gases and material

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19
Q

volcanic mud flows? Another name?

A

lahar
results from heavy rain or snow melt during eruption

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20
Q

sheild volcano

A

layered solidified lava flows
gentle eruptions
lava flows farther

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21
Q

composite volcano

A

more steep, pyroclastic, and explosive
higher silica content
heavy lava doesn’t flow far
pyroclastic flows produce steep slopes, lava holds it together

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22
Q

lava dome

A

masses of very viscous lava that doesn’t flow far
some form inside composite volcanoes

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23
Q

cinder cone

A

smallest volcanic mountains
form from pyroclastic material
found in association with other volcanoes

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24
Q

calderas

A

results from volcano that explodes or collapses
immense impression

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25
Q

sills

A

long, thin body whose orientation is determined by preexisting rocks

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26
Q

dikes

A

vertical sheet of magma thrust upward into preexisting rock; long and narrow

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27
Q

veins

A

Molten material forces itself into smaller fractures in preexisting rock; take irregular shapes

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28
Q

volcanic rebirth

A

much of earth’s water vapor originated from earth’s volcanic eruptions
magma contains major elements required for plant growth

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29
Q

highest perentage of ethnic makeup

A

asian
white

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30
Q

who unified Hawai’i islands into one kingdom?

A

King Kamehameha

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31
Q

Merry monarch

A

King Kalakaua
reciprocity treaty of 1875
forced to sign new constitution

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32
Q

reciprocity treaty of 1875

A

free trade agreement with US
lead to US controlling pearl harbor and eventually taken over completely by US

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33
Q

first queen regent

A

Lili’oukalani
bayonet constitution- restore power
overthrown by marines and imprisoned

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34
Q

american missionaries

A

abolished paganism
developed 12 letter alphabet
abolished dancing and other culture

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35
Q

Ala Kahakai NH trail

A

big island
protect traditional native Hawai’ian culture and resources
all natural resources available to community (fish, salt, trees, etc.)

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36
Q

Kaloko-Honokohau NHP

A

Big island
native culture
fish ponds and anchialine pools

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37
Q

anchialine pools

A

aquatic ecosystems where water pools in crevices of lava near shore

38
Q

Pu’uhonua O Honaunau NHP

A

big island
city of refuge from death penalty

39
Q

Pu’ukohola Heiau NHS

A

big island
temple or sacred place
built to fulfill historic prophecy
Kamehameha cousin was sacrifice

40
Q

Pearl Harbor NM

A

Oahu
○ Explores the attack and subsequent entry of the US into WWII
○ USS Arizona, tomb
▪ Oil still escapes the hull
○ US Oklahoma, using DNA to identify deceased crewmen

41
Q

Honouliuli NHS

A

Oahu
not open
story of interment, martial law and experience of prisoners of war in Hawaii in WWII

42
Q

Kalaupapa NHP

A

Molokai’i
Leprosy / Hansen’s disease
natural sea cliff barrier
isolation ended 1969 but some inhabitants chose to stay

43
Q

Papahanaumokuakea Marine NM

A

largest contiguous fully protected conservation area in US
ecology, diversity, heritage

44
Q

big island observatory

A

13 telescopes

45
Q

ala wai canal

A

artificial waterway
blasted coral reefs to build up land area
created to drain rice patties and swamps
place for affluent

46
Q

problems with Waikiki

A

large homeless population due to increased

47
Q

big island of hawaii

A

5 shield volcanoes
mauna loa and kiluea still active

48
Q

world’s largest active volcano

A

mauna loa

49
Q

lava lake

A

Halema’uma’u
flooding of crater floor
lava fountains- lake is active and gas bubbles

50
Q

common rock in Hawaii volcanoes NP

A

basalt

51
Q

Pahoehoe lava

A

smooth ropy cools slowly

52
Q

A’a lava

A

jagged painful cools fast

53
Q

reason for change between pahoehoe lava and aa lava

A

gas

54
Q

lava tubes and tunnels

A

forms as molten flow continues under congealing of pahoehoe floor

55
Q

Hawai’i crater that still erupts today

A

Halema’uma’u

56
Q

Kilauea’s crater name

A

Halema’uma’u

57
Q

Mauna Loa crater name

A

Moku’aweoweo

58
Q

hawaii volcano NP native vs invasive animals

A

bat, seal, nene goose
cats, coqui frogs, mongoose, pigs

59
Q

Papakolea green sand beach

A

only 4 in world
volcanic material includes olivine

60
Q

Haleakala NP

A

Maui
2 volcanoes
Haleakala volcano dormant
summit home to Maui’s grandmother

61
Q

which park has most endangered species

A

Haleakala NP

62
Q

national park of american samoa

A

only np south of equator
3 islands
world’s highest sea cliffs
volcanic islands, coral sand beach, coral reef

63
Q

special about american samoa?

A

they have 50 year with US
have own government and governor

64
Q

what type of volcano is lassen and where is it

A

composite / lava plug dome
california

65
Q

what is only active volcano to erupt in conterminous US before helens

A

lassen

66
Q

what is lassen an offspring of?

A

tehama

67
Q

what happened to tehama

A

composite volcano that collapsed and eroded
lassen developed as plug dome

68
Q

lava/plug dome

A

hot pasty lava squeezed through old vent
gas is trapped
quick to form

69
Q

lassen has what volcano types

A

all

70
Q

why is there a strong smell of sulfur in lassen

A

a lot of sulfur in mantle
number 1 gas trapped in molten rock

71
Q

lassen clarks nutcrackers

A

crow family
pine seed disperser
bill specially made to crack pinecones
don’t migrate due to seed abundance

72
Q

lassen microbes

A

thrive in superheated waters
use toxic compounds for energy

73
Q

what’s another name for composite volcanos?

A

strato-volcano

74
Q

native american myths of crater lake

A

tribe: klamath
created by struggle between chiefs of above and below world
believe wizard island is head of Llao chief of below world

75
Q

what volcano came before crater lake?

A

Mt. Mazama

76
Q

mt mazama

A

overlapping volcanoes
active intermittently
catastrophic eruption- formed caldera

77
Q

evidence mt mazama glaciers

A

glacial troughs
u-shaped cross section
interbedded lava and glacial till

78
Q

final stage of mazama

A

wizard island
mazama considered dormant

79
Q

mazama water

A

no steams or rivers
all from rain and snow
deepest caldera in US
very clear, aquatic moss grow very deep (deepest sun penetration in world)

80
Q

difference caldera and crater

A

crater = explosion outwards
caldera = collapse inwards

81
Q

wizard island

A

sorcerer’s hat
mostly underwater
cinder cone- from caldera floor during collapse

82
Q

phantom ship island

A

volcanic basalt dike
(lava in fault)

83
Q

mazama collateral

A

pumice desert
- 200ft
-de facto desert, holds little water
pinnacles
- ejected in flames
- where steam localized, particles cemented

84
Q

contorted white bark pines

A

tolerates severe conditions, high elevations
keystone species

85
Q

fumeroles

A

tunnel through dead aquatic moss

86
Q

mt rainer native name

A

tahoma

87
Q

mt rainer

A

composite
largest glaciated mountain us
typical cascades are pyrcoclastics
summit missing
lahars are common

88
Q

rainer invertebrates

A

majority of biomass
banana slugs
- decomposers

89
Q

nurse log

A

allow for more growth then when alive
fungi and bacteria allow for ecosystems to blossom

90
Q

national monument history

A

antiquities act
roosevelt
preserving native american artifacts

91
Q

craters of the moon

A

not violent
fissure flows
EXTENSIVE balsaltic lava
cinder cones on top of lava flows

92
Q

devil’s tower

A

granite
igneous intrusion
forced up in sedimentary layers
erosion at base

National Park Resources (1 decks)

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