NP Evolution and Volcanism Flashcards
Where do earthquakes occur
along plate bounary lines
3 primary collisions
convergent, divergent, transform
Which plate sinks due to being more dense, oceanic or continental
oceanic
another word for mantle plume
hot spot
why do hot areas become inactive
they move with the plate
accreted terranes
lithosphere carried by plate that eventually collides and fuses with another plate
magma?
lava?
beneath
surface
pyroclastic
pumice, ash, cinder, bombs, blocks thrown from a vent during an eruption
plutonic?
volcanic?
intrusive
extrusive
what determines nature of volcano eruptions?
magma chemistry and gas
what is critical to magma chemistry?`
quantity of silica
high silica eruptions
pyroclastic
low silica eruptions
nonexplosive
viscosity
state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid in consistency
higher silica = higher viscosity, solidify at lower temps
lower silica = ?
lower viscosity, eruptions hot and fluid
what is gas mostly made of
water vapor
lava flow and flood basalt
vast accumulation of lava build up
pyroclastic flows
avalanche of hot gases and material
volcanic mud flows? Another name?
lahar
results from heavy rain or snow melt during eruption
sheild volcano
layered solidified lava flows
gentle eruptions
lava flows farther
composite volcano
more steep, pyroclastic, and explosive
higher silica content
heavy lava doesn’t flow far
pyroclastic flows produce steep slopes, lava holds it together
lava dome
masses of very viscous lava that doesn’t flow far
some form inside composite volcanoes
cinder cone
smallest volcanic mountains
form from pyroclastic material
found in association with other volcanoes
calderas
results from volcano that explodes or collapses
immense impression
sills
long, thin body whose orientation is determined by preexisting rocks
dikes
vertical sheet of magma thrust upward into preexisting rock; long and narrow
veins
Molten material forces itself into smaller fractures in preexisting rock; take irregular shapes
volcanic rebirth
much of earth’s water vapor originated from earth’s volcanic eruptions
magma contains major elements required for plant growth
highest perentage of ethnic makeup
asian
white
who unified Hawai’i islands into one kingdom?
King Kamehameha
Merry monarch
King Kalakaua
reciprocity treaty of 1875
forced to sign new constitution
reciprocity treaty of 1875
free trade agreement with US
lead to US controlling pearl harbor and eventually taken over completely by US
first queen regent
Lili’oukalani
bayonet constitution- restore power
overthrown by marines and imprisoned
american missionaries
abolished paganism
developed 12 letter alphabet
abolished dancing and other culture
Ala Kahakai NH trail
big island
protect traditional native Hawai’ian culture and resources
all natural resources available to community (fish, salt, trees, etc.)
Kaloko-Honokohau NHP
Big island
native culture
fish ponds and anchialine pools
anchialine pools
aquatic ecosystems where water pools in crevices of lava near shore
Pu’uhonua O Honaunau NHP
big island
city of refuge from death penalty
Pu’ukohola Heiau NHS
big island
temple or sacred place
built to fulfill historic prophecy
Kamehameha cousin was sacrifice
Pearl Harbor NM
Oahu
○ Explores the attack and subsequent entry of the US into WWII
○ USS Arizona, tomb
▪ Oil still escapes the hull
○ US Oklahoma, using DNA to identify deceased crewmen
Honouliuli NHS
Oahu
not open
story of interment, martial law and experience of prisoners of war in Hawaii in WWII
Kalaupapa NHP
Molokai’i
Leprosy / Hansen’s disease
natural sea cliff barrier
isolation ended 1969 but some inhabitants chose to stay
Papahanaumokuakea Marine NM
largest contiguous fully protected conservation area in US
ecology, diversity, heritage
big island observatory
13 telescopes
ala wai canal
artificial waterway
blasted coral reefs to build up land area
created to drain rice patties and swamps
place for affluent
problems with Waikiki
large homeless population due to increased
big island of hawaii
5 shield volcanoes
mauna loa and kiluea still active
world’s largest active volcano
mauna loa
lava lake
Halema’uma’u
flooding of crater floor
lava fountains- lake is active and gas bubbles
common rock in Hawaii volcanoes NP
basalt
Pahoehoe lava
smooth ropy cools slowly
A’a lava
jagged painful cools fast
reason for change between pahoehoe lava and aa lava
gas
lava tubes and tunnels
forms as molten flow continues under congealing of pahoehoe floor
Hawai’i crater that still erupts today
Halema’uma’u
Kilauea’s crater name
Halema’uma’u
Mauna Loa crater name
Moku’aweoweo
hawaii volcano NP native vs invasive animals
bat, seal, nene goose
cats, coqui frogs, mongoose, pigs
Papakolea green sand beach
only 4 in world
volcanic material includes olivine
Haleakala NP
Maui
2 volcanoes
Haleakala volcano dormant
summit home to Maui’s grandmother
which park has most endangered species
Haleakala NP
national park of american samoa
only np south of equator
3 islands
world’s highest sea cliffs
volcanic islands, coral sand beach, coral reef
special about american samoa?
they have 50 year with US
have own government and governor
what type of volcano is lassen and where is it
composite / lava plug dome
california
what is only active volcano to erupt in conterminous US before helens
lassen
what is lassen an offspring of?
tehama
what happened to tehama
composite volcano that collapsed and eroded
lassen developed as plug dome
lava/plug dome
hot pasty lava squeezed through old vent
gas is trapped
quick to form
lassen has what volcano types
all
why is there a strong smell of sulfur in lassen
a lot of sulfur in mantle
number 1 gas trapped in molten rock
lassen clarks nutcrackers
crow family
pine seed disperser
bill specially made to crack pinecones
don’t migrate due to seed abundance
lassen microbes
thrive in superheated waters
use toxic compounds for energy
what’s another name for composite volcanos?
strato-volcano
native american myths of crater lake
tribe: klamath
created by struggle between chiefs of above and below world
believe wizard island is head of Llao chief of below world
what volcano came before crater lake?
Mt. Mazama
mt mazama
overlapping volcanoes
active intermittently
catastrophic eruption- formed caldera
evidence mt mazama glaciers
glacial troughs
u-shaped cross section
interbedded lava and glacial till
final stage of mazama
wizard island
mazama considered dormant
mazama water
no steams or rivers
all from rain and snow
deepest caldera in US
very clear, aquatic moss grow very deep (deepest sun penetration in world)
difference caldera and crater
crater = explosion outwards
caldera = collapse inwards
wizard island
sorcerer’s hat
mostly underwater
cinder cone- from caldera floor during collapse
phantom ship island
volcanic basalt dike
(lava in fault)
mazama collateral
pumice desert
- 200ft
-de facto desert, holds little water
pinnacles
- ejected in flames
- where steam localized, particles cemented
contorted white bark pines
tolerates severe conditions, high elevations
keystone species
fumeroles
tunnel through dead aquatic moss
mt rainer native name
tahoma
mt rainer
composite
largest glaciated mountain us
typical cascades are pyrcoclastics
summit missing
lahars are common
rainer invertebrates
majority of biomass
banana slugs
- decomposers
nurse log
allow for more growth then when alive
fungi and bacteria allow for ecosystems to blossom
national monument history
antiquities act
roosevelt
preserving native american artifacts
craters of the moon
not violent
fissure flows
EXTENSIVE balsaltic lava
cinder cones on top of lava flows
devil’s tower
granite
igneous intrusion
forced up in sedimentary layers
erosion at base
