November Mock Flashcards
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- Stroke: Medical and laboratory sciences (Pathology) The most commonly affected artery territory for a cerebral infarction, is the middle cerebral artery (MCA). MCA strokes typically present with contralateral hemiparesis and hemisensory loss, along with hemianopia, as seen in this case. Speech can also be affected if the dominant hemisphere is involved. Source: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/middle-cerebral-artery-mca-infarct?lang=gb
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- Amyloidosis: Diagnosis Common diagnostic factors of amyloidosis are the presence of risk factors (inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis) with lower extremity oedema. Nephrotic syndrome with proteinuria can also occur, as observed in this question. Whilst peripheral oedema can be caused by heart failure, the normal echocardiogram makes this option unlikely. The patient has no symptoms suggesting diabetes and the proteinuria isn’t consistent with lymphedema. Whilst glomerulonephritis can cause peripheral oedema, it would typically present with haematuria, rather than proteinuria. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/amyloidosis-pro
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- Pancreatitis: Medical and laboratory sciences (Aetiology) Around three quarters of cases of pancreatitis are caused by either gallstones or alcohol misuse. As this patient has no alcohol intake, gallstones are therefore the most likely cause of their pancreatitis. Gallstones cause pancreatitis by obstructing the pancreatic duct, which stimulates a local inflammatory response. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/pancreatitis-acute/background-information/causes-riskfactors/
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- Anaemia: Diagnosis Iron deficiency anaemia can present with a range of symptoms and signs, but typically patients present with fatigue and dyspnoea. As koilonychia (spoon shaped nails) is associated with iron deficiency anaemia, this makes the diagnosis even more likely in this case. The other possible answers would be unlikely to present with this combination of signs and symptoms. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/anaemia-iron-deficiency/diagnosis/signs-symptoms/
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- Coeliac disease: Management (Complications) Dermatitis herpetiformis is an autoimmune vesicular skin condition, strongly associated to coeliac disease. It characteristically affects extensor surfaces, as appears in this question. The other answer options are not as closely linked to coeliac disease. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/coeliac-disease-pro
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- Neurofibromatosis: Medical and laboratory sciences (Epidemiology) This patient appears to have neurofibromatosis type 1, with multiple light brown skin spots (café au lait spots). Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal-dominant genetic disorder. Source: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/engb/410?q=Neurofibromatosis%20type%201&c=suggested
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- Infectious mononucleosis: Diagnosis Infectious mononucleosis, caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, is most common between 15-24 years (as in this case). It typically presents with a fever, sore throat, enlarged tonsils with exudate, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. Whilst diphtheria can cause a fever and grey coating at the back of the throat, it is much less common than infectious mononucleosis. Tonsillitis would cause the sore throat and inflamed tonsils but not the splenomegaly, which occurs in this case. Measles is typically accompanied by a runny nose and widespread rash. Malaria would normally have a history of recent travel, rigors and headache/ vomiting/ diarrhoea. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/glandular-fever-infectious-mononucleosis/diagnosis/when-tosuspect-glandular-fever/
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- Peripheral vascular disease: Diagnosis The patient has clear risk factors for vascular disease. He is elderly and male, with a history of hypertension, smoking, and a previous TIA. Classical features of intermittent claudication include cramp-like pain in a muscle group after walking a predictable distance, which is relieved by rest but then brought on by walking the same distance again. Symptoms usually occur in distal extremities prior to proximal muscles, so the calves are more commonly affected than the thighs or buttocks. Source: Features of intermittent claudication and critical limb ischaemia | Diagnosis | Peripheral arterial disease | CKS | NICE
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- Reactive arthritis: Diagnosis Reactive arthritis typically presents with oligoarthritis, a urinary tract infection and uveitis, all of which are present in this case. Reactive arthritis commonly affects young males and typically symptoms develop 2-4 weeks after a genitourinary or gastrointestinal infection (suggested by the history of dysuria and diarrhoea in this case). Similarly, mucus membranes can also be affected, as in this case. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/reactive-arthritis-pro
Because common systems involved include the eye, the urinary system, and the hands and feet, one clinical mnemonic in reactive arthritis is “Can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree.”
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- Pancreatitis: Diagnosis The history of epigastric pain radiating to the back, in a patient with a history if alcohol excess, is indicative of pancreatitis. This is further confirmed by the raised amylase (typically greater than 3 times the normal value) and raised bilirubin and serum aminotransferases. Whilst PUD and gastritis cause epigastric pain, the blood results are not in-keeping with these diagnoses. Likewise, cholecystitis and hepatitis would commonly present instead with right upper quadrant pain. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/pancreatitis-acute/diagnosis/when-to-suspect-acutepancreatitis/
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- UTI: Medical and laboratory sciences (Microbiology) This patient has the symptoms and investigation results of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Escherichia Coli is the most common cause of UTIs in the UK. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/urinary-tract-infection-lower-women/backgroundinformation/causes/
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- Asthma: Management Nice CKS recommend offering a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), in patients whose asthma is poorly controlled on their current inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and short-acting beta agonist (SABA). NICE define ‘good control’ as patients having ‘little need for use of a SABA’. Using a SABA inhaler 5 times per week would not be defined as well controlled. NICE also recommends checking a patient’s inhaler technique before adjusting their medications, but we are told this patients technique is good, we can adjust their medications as needed. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/asthma/management/newly-diagnosed-asthma/
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- Jaundice: Diagnosis (Investigation) This patient has signs and symptoms suggestive of pancreatic cancer (Nausea and weight loss in someone aged > 60 years). In this case the tumour is likely in the head/ neck of the pancreas, due to the presentation with obstructive jaundice and raised bilirubin/ ALP. NICE CKS recommend that if pancreatic cancer is suspected, an urgent CT scan should be arranged (within 2 weeks). They advise that an USS should only be done if an urgent CT is not possible. An ERCP or MRCP may be done later to further investigate the cancer but would not be first line. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gastrointestinal-tract-upper-cancers-recognitionreferral/diagnosis/symptoms-suggestive-of-gastrointestinal-tract-upper-cancers/
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- Multiple myeloma: Diagnosis The history of malaise and weight loss with symptoms of hypercalcaemia (abdominal pain, bone pain, constipation and polyuria) are very suggestive of a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. The blood results showing hypercalcaemia and renal impairment help confirm the diagnosis. In chronic kidney disease, the phosphate is typically high and in primary hyperparathyroidism the PTH would be high. Prostate cancer would usually instead cause obstructive urinary symptoms. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/multiple-myeloma/diagnosis/when-should-i-suspect-multiplemyeloma/
Remember Multiple Myeloma: Old CRAB
OLD: >65years
C: Calcium elevated
R: Renal failure
A: Anaemia and AL amyloidosis
B: Bone pain and lytic bone lesions
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- Mitral regurgitation: Diagnosis Mitral regurgitation typically reveals a pansystolic murmur on auscultation. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/mitral-regurgitation-pro
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- Osteoporosis: Diagnosis (Investigations) NICE CKS recommends offering patients a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan, to measure patient’s bone mineral density and investigate for osteoporosis. Whilst vitamin D and calcium would likely also be done if assessing a patient for fragility fracture risk, they are not diagnostic for osteoporosis. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/osteoporosis-prevention-of-fragilityfractures/management/assessment/
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- STEMI: Medical and laboratory sciences (Pathophysiology) ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF on ECG, demonstrates an inferior MI. The most common site of occlusion for an inferior STEMI, is the right coronary artery (in around 80% cases). Source: https://litfl.com/inferior-stemi-ecg-library/
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- Dyspepsia: Diagnosis (Investigations) NICE recommends referring patients of any age with dysphagia, or those aged >55 years with weight loss and either abdominal pain, reflux or dyspepsia for an urgent endoscopy (OGD) to investigate for oesophageal or gastric cancer. This patient fits the second referral criteria, being 60 years old with dyspepsia, weight loss, fatigue and anaemia, therefore requires an OGD within 2 weeks. None of the other options would be appropriate. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gastrointestinal-tract-upper-cancers-recognition-referral/
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- Migraine: Diagnosis The history of an aura (zig-zagging and flashing lights) followed by a headache, with associated nausea and vomiting is classic of a migraine. The aura and visual disturbance would not occur with a tension headache, and whilst flashes and floaters can occur with retinal detachment, there would be progressive and persistent visual changes. The presentation does not fit with acute glaucoma (intense eye pain and blurred vision) and whilst migraines have similar symptoms to occipital lobe epilepsy, the latter is much rarer. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/migraine/diagnosis/diagnosis/
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- Pericarditis: Investigation Chest pain relieved by leaning forwards and a pleural rub on auscultation, on the background of a recent viral infection, is consistent with a diagnosis of pericarditis. A saddle-shaped ST elevation is the most classical ECG finding in pericarditis. Source: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/243/investigations#firstOrder
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- Diabetes mellitus: Patient Management Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting with a blood glucose of 33 mmol/litre, is suggestive of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and a new diagnosis of diabetes. This patient would be admitted to hospital for monitoring of her blood glucose and ketones, and commencement on the DKA protocol, starting with intravenous fluids and insulin. As per the protocol, Dextrose is only started when the blood glucose concentration falls below 14 mmol/litre. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diabetes-type-1/diagnosis/when-to-suspect-diabeticketoacidosis/, https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summary/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html
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- Erythropoietin deficiency: Diagnosis This patient has normocytic anaemia, with a normal ferritin. Given his background of CKD, a major cause of anaemia is erythropoietin deficiency, which causes a normochromic, normocytic anaemia. With regards to the other answers, the long-standing history and absence of other gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is not consistent with a GI bleed and pernicious anaemia typically causes a macrocytic anaemia. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-kidney-disease-pro
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- Pneumonia: Medical and laboratory sciences (Microbiology) A history of productive sputum, breathlessness, pyrexia and unilateral course crackles are all consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause of community acquired pneumonia. Haemophilus influenza and Klebsiella pneumoniae can both cause pneumonia but are less common and are gram negative, and though Staphylococcus aureus is gram positive it is a less common cause. Mycobacterium tuberculosis can be gram negative or positive, but the history is not consistent with TB. Source: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-community-acquired-pneumonia-inadults#H1473949351
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- Dementia: Diagnosis Vascular dementia is typically associated with motor and mood changes, executive function disturbance (such as planning) and cognitive impairment, all of which are present in this case. Risk factors include age >60 years, hypertension (both present in this case), obesity and cigarette smoking. This case also describes a likely TIA, making the diagnosis of vascular dementia more likely, as do the CT findings described. Source: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/319
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- Atrial Fibrillation: Diagnosis This ECG shows an irregularly irregular rhythm, with no discernible p waves, therefore fits with a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation. The other answer options are all good differentials for a patient with palpitations, but each have different ECG findings. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/atrial-fibrillation/diagnosis/diagnosis-of-atrial-fibrillation/
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- Pyelonephritis: Diagnosis Unilateral flank pain with nausea, rigors and fever, on the background of urinary symptoms is classical of pyelonephritis. The positive urine dip helps to confirm the diagnosis. Whilst renal calculi cause severe radiating flank pain, the background of urinary symptoms and fever are less in keeping with this diagnosis. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/pyelonephritis-acute/diagnosis/diagnosis/
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- Spinal cord compression: Diagnosis This patient has several red flags suggesting cauda equina syndrome (bilateral neurological deficit of the legs and urinary retention), therefore must have this diagnosis excluded urgently. They also have a possible cause of cauda equina, which is their prostate cancer with bone metastases. Whilst the patient may indeed have brain metastases or a pathological fracture, these would not cause the symptoms described in the case. This patient should be referred urgently to the neurosurgical team for an MRI spine. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/diagnosis/red-flag-symptomssigns/
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- Conjunctivitis: Diagnosis Conjunctivitis classically presents with a red eye (conjunctival erythema), gritty discomfort of the eye and watering/ discharge. The symptoms appear to be contagious, with the patient having a relative with similar symptoms and a recent cold. Blepharitis presents with red swollen eyelids and uveitis does cause a red eye, but is usually associated with eye pain and visual changes. There is no history or trauma or allergy, making the remaining diagnoses less likely. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/conjunctivitis-infective/diagnosis/clinical-features/
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- Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Diagnosis Of the five answer options, primary sclerosis cholangitis (PSC) is the only one which is directly linked to ulcerative colitis (UC). It’s estimated around two thirds of people with PSC also have or will later develop UC. PSC typically produces a cholestatic pattern in blood results, with a raised bilirubin and ALP, as occurs in this case. Source: https://gut.bmj.com/content/41/4/571; https://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-sclerosingcholangitis?lang=gb
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- Pleural effusion: Management (Investigations) This patient is presenting with a pleural effusion, with symptoms of breathlessness and chest pain, and examination findings of dullness to percuss. The history points towards malignant mesothelioma or lung cancer as likely diagnoses. The most important next investigation is to do an ultrasound guided pleural fluid aspiration, which will likely improve the patients breathing and allow for diagnostic fluid analysis. A CT would likely be done after the pleural aspiration for assessment and staging, and if a mesothelioma was suspected, definite diagnosis would require a biopsy. Source: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mesothelioma?lang=gb https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/lung-pleural-cancers-recognition-referral/backgroundinformation/presentation/
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- Diverticulitis: Diagnosis Pain in the left iliac fossa (LIF), fever and tenderness on examination, all in a middle-aged patient are consistent with a diagnosis of diverticulitis. The history of constipation and having milder pain in the past, point to a history of undiagnosed diverticulosis. Sigmoid volvulus would likely produce signs of bowel obstruction on examination and colorectal cancer would typically have a longer history with other systemic symptoms (e.g. weight loss). Ischemic colitis would not present with a lump in the LLQ and Crohn’s disease usually presents with diarrhoea rather than hard stools. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diverticular-disease/diagnosis/diagnosis/
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- Perioperative disease: Management Patients with mechanical heart valves require lifelong anticoagulation with warfarin to prevent thromboembolism. Prior to planned surgery with high bleeding risk, warfarin is usually stopped and bridging therapy is performed with heparin. Source: Warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves | The BMJ
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- Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis Sarcoidosis is particularly prevalent in northern European, Scandinavian and African-American individuals and around 90% cases have lung involvement. This case presents several signs and symptoms associated with sarcoidosis, such dry cough, dyspnoea and skin involvement (erythema nodosum on the legs). Bloods often reveal a raised ESR and calcium, both of which are present in this case. This combination of signs and symptoms would be unlikely in any of the other answer options. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/sarcoidosis-pro
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- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Management This patient appears to have an infective exacerbation of COPD, with acute on chronic breathlessness and a productive cough. NICE CKS recommend several choices for first line antibiotics - Amoxicillin, doxycycline and clarithromycin. As the patient is allergic to penicillin, doxycycline is the best answer out of the options given. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease/management/acuteexacerbation/
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- Renal calculi: Diagnosis (Investigations) Severe pain radiating from the loin to groin, with blood on urinalysis is consistent with a diagnosis renal colic. NICE CKS recommend arranging an urgent (within 24 hours) non-contrast CT for most adults, to investigate for renal stones. A renal USS is recommended for pregnant women and children. Only 70% of renal stones are radio-opaque therefore an abdominal x-ray is not ideal, and whilst urine microscopy may be sent, it would not help to diagnose renal stones. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/renal-or-ureteric-colic-acute/
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- Hypothyroidism: Management Weight gain, low mood, fatigue, constipation and bradycardia are all symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism. The blood results (raised TSH and low T4) confirm the diagnosis of likely primary hypothyroidism. First line treatment for hypothyroidism is Levothyroxine, with the BNF recommending a starting dose of 25 micrograms once daily and increased gradually. As this patient has overt hypothyroidism (symptomatic with a low T4), she should be started on treatment, rather than choosing a watch and wait option. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/hypothyroidism/
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- Acute limb ischemia: Diagnosis A pale cool limb with reduced power, on a background of intermittent claudication, is acute limb ischemia until proven otherwise, especially in the presence of risk factors (AF and extensive smoking history). Typical symptoms of acute limb ischemia include the 6 P’s – Pain, pulseless, pallor, power loss, paraesthesia and perishingly cold. This patient needs emergency assessment by the vascular team for intervention. None of the other diagnoses would present with this combination of signs and symptoms. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/peripheral-arterial-disease/diagnosis/
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- Cholecystitis: Diagnosis (Investigation) Right upper quadrant pain, associated with vomiting, fatigue and a fever are all consistent with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The raised inflammatory markers and tenderness in the RUQ are also in keeping with this diagnosis. NICE CKS recommend arranging an abdominal USS to confirm the diagnosis and look for possible causes (e.g. gallstones). None of the other investigation options would be appropriate first line. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cholecystitis-acute/management/management/
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- Stroke: Management (Investigations) Sudden onset unilateral weakness with slurring speech is very suggestive of an acute stroke. NICE CKS recommends that a haemorrhagic stroke must be ruled out by a brain scan, prior to thrombolysis/ administration of antiplatelets, therefore a CT head must be done urgently. Patients who have suffered from a stroke will undergo carotid artery doppler scans and an ECG to investigate possible causes, but these do not need to be done prior to thrombolysis. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/stroke-tia/management/suspected-acute-stroke/
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- Heart failure: Diagnosis (Investigation) This patient has the signs and symptoms of heart failure (fluid retention and breathlessness), likely secondary to aortic stenosis given the ejection systolic heart murmur. NICE CKS recommend measuring the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level (NT-proBNP) in patients with suspected heart failure, and then arranging an echocardiogram if the BNP is > 400 pg/mL. Whilst an ECG would almost certainly be done for this patient, the question asks which investigation would help confirm the diagnosis, therefore echo is the correct answer. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/heart-failure-chronic/diagnosis/
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- Abscess: Diagnosis This patient appears to have a post-surgical infection, indicated by the tachycardia and pyrexia on examination. In addition, his hiccupping is suggestive of something irritating his diaphragm, all making subphrenic abscess the most likely diagnosis. Subphrenic abscesses are the most common intra-abdominal abscess. Pelvic abscesses typically occur after lower abdominal infections or procedures. Whilst a paralytic ileus may cause bloating, this would usually be an early complication, occurring during the first couple of days following surgery. Bowel obstruction would not typically present with a fever or hiccups, and enterocolitis classically presents with diarrhoea which is not mentioned in this case. Source: https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=-13303782&linkID=32069&cook=no, https://patient.info/doctor/common-postoperative-complications-pro
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- Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Management This patient has the symptoms and signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and is particularly affected with voiding symptoms (poor stream, difficulty initiating stream and post-void dribbling). NICE CKS recommends offering an alpha blocker to patients with moderate to severe voiding symptoms (alfuzosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, or terazosin). Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/luts-in-men/management/voiding-symptoms/
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- Mallory-Weiss tear: Diagnosis Mallory-Weiss tears commonly present as haematemesis following several episodes of vomiting, as occurs in this case. This condition is characterised by a tear occurring near the gastro-oesophageal junction, after a rise in pressure caused by vomiting/ retching. Whilst the history of drinking alcohol may highlight the possibility of varices, there is no history of alcohol dependency or liver disease in this case, and the vomiting produced from varices would usually be large volumes of blood rather than streaked blood. Source: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1145
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- Prolactinoma: Diagnosis (Investigation) Common symptoms of raised prolactin in women include amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, infertility, headaches and reduced libido, several of which are present in this case. Initial investigations include first excluding pregnancy (as done in this case) and checking basal serum prolactin. TFT’s, LH and FSH may are also likely to be done, but prolactin is the most important to make the diagnosis. Pituitary imaging (MRI) may also be done, but as the question asks for the most appropriate initial investigation, prolactin is the correct answer. Source: https://patient.info/doctor/hyperprolactinaemia-and-prolactinoma
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- Bradycardia: Management This patient is bradycardic (heart rate of 34 bpm) with complete heart block and needs urgent intervention. According to the Resuscitation Council UK, bradycardia should be managed with Atropine 500 micrograms intravenous, if any adverse features are present (syncope, shock, MI or heart failure). Given this patients symptoms and signs, they require urgent atropine and will also need urgent pacing. Adrenaline is used in cardiac arrests, amiodarone in broad-complex tachycardias, adenosine in narrow-complex tachycardias (SVT) and flecainide in arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation. Source: https://www.resus.org.uk/library/2015-resuscitation-guidelines/peri-arrest-arrhythmias
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- Cellulitis: Management This patient is systemically well but appears to have an area of cellulitis around his fingernail, which is not responding to fusidic acid cream (used for skin infections like impetigo and dermatitis). For class I cellulitis (no signs of systemic toxicity and no uncontrolled comorbidities), NICE CKS recommend starting a high-dose oral antibiotic treatment (500-1000 mg flucloxacillin four times a day) and monitoring for changes by drawing around the area with a permanent marker pen. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cellulitis-acute/management/management/#primary-caremanagement.
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- Alcoholic hepatitis: Diagnosis Jaundice, hepatomegaly and ascites are all suggestive of liver disease. These, alongside the history of excessive alcohol use and raised GGT, all support the diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis. As the patient is afebrile, denies IV drug use and has no recent travel, viral hepatitis is unlikely. There is nothing in the history to suggest an autoimmune cause for the hepatitis. Source: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1116, https://litfl.com/liver-function-tests/
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- Rheumatoid arthritis: Diagnosis (Investigations) This patient has the symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with a long history of painful hands, which are worse in the morning and are warm to touch. RA is more common in women and incidence peaks at 30–50 years. There is no specific blood test for RA, but the most sensitive is anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP). Hand x-rays (which is not given as an option here) are also useful for the diagnosis of determination of severity. ESR and ANA tests are not specific to RA, and joint USS and synovial fluid analysis are not indicated. Source: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/rheumatoid-arthritis/diagnosis/investigations-for-suspectedra/
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- Fibroadenoma: Diagnosis Fibroadenomas are benign tumours which occur most commonly in young women, especially those in their 20s as seen in this case. This is a classical presentation of a fibroadenoma; a firm, nontender, highly mobile lump. Referral should be made to a specialist breast clinic as with all unexplained breast lumps. They are often treated with surgical excision, but this may not be necessary if they are small and the diagnosis is confirmed. Source: Benign Breast Disease. Non cancerous breast conditions. Patient | Patient
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- Asbestos-related lung disease: Diagnosis Asbestosis is diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung, as a consequence of exposure to asbestos fibres. The risk of exposure is higher for patients who were involved in certain occupations, such as shipyard or construction work. A cough and exertional breathlessness are common, and the most sensitive investigation is high resolution CT scanning of the chest, where you can see pleural thickening and plaques, as well as interstitial fibrosis. Source: Asbestosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice
