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Physics ☆☆ > Nov PPEs > Flashcards

Nov PPEs Flashcards

chapters: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 16

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1
Q

What is the conservation of energy?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

Name 6 energy stores.

A
  • Kinetic energy
  • Gravitational potential energy
  • Elastic potential energy
  • Thermal energy
  • Chemical potential energy
  • Sound energy
    (sound and chemical are less relevant)
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3
Q

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

A

Ek(J) = 0.5*mass(kg)*velocity(m/s)2

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4
Q

What is the equation for gravitational potential energy?

A

Ep(J) = mass(kg)*gravitational field strength(N/kg)*height(m)

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5
Q

What is the equation for elastic potential energy?

A

Ee(J) = 0.5*spring constant(N/m)*extension(m)2

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6
Q

What is the equation for thermal energy?

A

△thermal energy(J) = mass(kg)*specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)*△temperature(°C)

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7
Q

In closed systems, is energy gained, lost or sustained?

A

Sustained.

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8
Q

In open systems, is energy gained, lost or sustained?

A

Gained or lost. Typically lost to surroundings, e.g. work done against air resistance, etc.

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9
Q

Describe the practical to find the Specific Heat Capacity of water.

A
  1. Place the beaker on a balance and press zero.
  2. Add oil to the beaker and record mass of oil.
  3. Place a thermometer and an immersion heater into the oil. Read starting temp of oil.
  4. Wrap the beaker in insulating foam to reduce the thermal energy transfer to the surroundings.
  5. Connect a joulemeter (and a power pack) to the immersion heater you place in earlier.
  6. Leave oil for 30 minutes.
  7. Read the number of joules of energy that passed into the immersion heater and the final temperature of the oil.

Now you have all the info needed to calculate the SHC. Use the thermal energy equation (rearranged).

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10
Q

What is power?

A

The rate of energy transferred measured in watts.

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11
Q

How do you calculate power?

A

Power(W) = energy transferred(J)/time(s)

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12
Q

What is efficiency?

A

The percentage of total input energy/power that’s converted to useful output energy.

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13
Q

What is the equation for efficiency?

A

Efficiency = (useful energy or power / total energy or power)*100 (<- to turn decimal into percentage)

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14
Q

Thermal energy tends to leave buildings through..?

A

Conduction. Transferring energy to the outside surroundings -> insulation reduces this.

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15
Q

Describe the insulation practical.

A
  1. Pour hot water into a beaker and start the timer when the temperature hits 80°C.
  2. After 120s, measure temperature and record
  3. Repeat steps 1 & 2 with different types of insulation wrapped around the beaker, e.g wool
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16
Q

What is an energy source?

A

The sources from which we harness energy.

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17
Q

Name the non-renewable energy sources.

A
  • Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) -> running out
  • Nuclear fuel (uranium) -> not running out
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18
Q

Name the renewable energy sources.

A
  • Wind power (turbines)
  • Hydroelectric (water behind a dam falls through a turbine generating electricity)
  • Biofuels (plant matter burned to produce heat)
  • Geothermal (cold water evaporated by hot rocks; the steam turns a turbine powering a generator)
  • Tidal (waves and tides rotate turbines, turning a generator)
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19
Q

What does density tell you?

A

How compact mass is for an object.

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20
Q

What is the equation for density?

A

ρ = m/v
density(kg/m3) = mass(kg)/volume(m3)

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21
Q

Describe the practical for finding the density of a regular object.

A
  • Find the mass using a top-pan balance and record it
  • Volume can be calculated by taking the measurements with a ruler (resolution 1mm) and doing the following calculation: area*length
  • Then use ρ = m/v
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22
Q

Describe the practical for finding the density of an irregular object.

A
  • Find the mass using a top-pan balance and record it
  • Find and fill a displacement can with water to the spout.
  • Carefully and slowly submerge object in water (using string) and wait for all water to be displaced out into a beaker placed at the spout
  • Pour water within beaker into a measuring cylinder and take volume by getting on eye-level and using the bottom of the meniscus line
  • Calculate density using ρ = m/v
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23
Q

What are the attributes of a solid?

A
  • Particles are in a regular arrangement
  • Particles vibrate at fixed positions
  • They can’t be compressed
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24
Q

What are the attributes of a liquid?

A
  • Particles arranged in an irregular arrangement
  • Particles can move past each other
  • They can’t be compressed.
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25
Q

What are attributes of a gas?

A
  • Particles are far apart
  • They can move past each other and collide
  • Particles move quickly
  • They can be compressed
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26
Q

What must there be in order for something to melt or evaporate?

A

Energy must be supplied to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction between particles.

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27
Q

State the changes of state for: Solid -> Liquid -> Gas

A

Solid -> liquid: melt
Liquid -> gas: evaporate

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28
Q

State the changes of state for: Gas -> Liquid -> Solid

A

Gas -> liquid: condensing
Liquid -> solid: freezing

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29
Q

State the changes of state for: Solid -> Gas and Gas -> Solid

A

Solid -> Gas: sublimation
Gas -> Solid: deposition

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30
Q

What is internal energy?

A

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of all particles in a substance. Only one changes at any time.

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31
Q

Describe what happens on a graph depicting the heating curve for water.

A

When the temperature rises, the kinetic energy in particles rises. When temperature is static, the potential energy rises.

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32
Q

During changes of state, what’s the energy going in being used for?

A

It’s being used to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction between particles.

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33
Q

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

A

Same as SHC/thermal energy equation. △thermal energy(J) = mass(kg)*specific heat capacity (J/kg°C)*△temperature(°C)

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34
Q

What is the equation for potential energy?

A

E = mL
Potential energy (J) = mass (kg)*specific latent heat(J/kg)

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35
Q

What is gas pressure?

A

The result of gas particles colliding with the walls of its container, exerting outward force.

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36
Q

What are the effects of heating a gas?

A

It increases the gas particles’ kinetic energy, meaning they collide more frequently and with a greater force. This raises pressure.

37
Q

How do you compress a gas?

A

Exert a force on it and raise pressure through turning up the temperature.

38
Q

What is the relation between pressure and volume?

A

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional. When one doubles, the other halves.

The equation to show this is pV = constant
pressure (N/m3)*volume(m3)

Thanks to this; p1</sup>V1</sup> = p2</sup>V2</sup>

39
Q

What are the two types of force?

A

Contact and non-contact.

40
Q

Give 3 examples of contact force.

A

Friction, air resistance and tension.

41
Q

Give 3 examples of non-contact force.

A

Magnetism, electrostatic force and gravity.

42
Q

What is a scalar? (give 3 examples)

A

A quantity with only magnitude. (distance, speed, and temperature)

43
Q

What is a vector? (give 3 examples)

A

A quantity with a magnitude AND direction. (displacement, velocity and acceleration)

44
Q

What is resultant force?

A

The sum of the 2 (or more) forces acting on an object. If 2 forces are at a right angle, use pythagoras’ theorem or trigonometry.

45
Q

What is a balanced force?

A

A force that doesn’t change velocity and has no resultant force.

46
Q

What is weight?

A

The force that gravity pulls an object down with.

47
Q

What’s the equation of weight?

A

Weight (N) = mass(kg)*gravitational field strength(N/kg)
W = mg

48
Q

What is the earth’s gravitational field strength?

A

9.8N/kg

49
Q

When holding or lifting an object at a constant speed, are you pushing upwards with a force that’s greater, lesser or the same as its weight?

A

The same.

50
Q

What’s the equation for work done?

A

Work done(J) = force(N)*distance(m)

51
Q

What is work done?

A

Energy transferred by a force.

52
Q

What is Hooke’s law?

A

The force and extension of an object which deforms elastically are directionally proportional.

53
Q

What is the equation representing Hooke’s Law (a.k.a. the spring constant equation)

A

Force(N) = spring constant(N/m)*extension(m)
F = ke

54
Q

What is the practical demonstrating Hooke’s Law?

A
  1. Set up a clamp and stand with a spring hanging off the clamp and a mass hanger attached. Place a ruler parallel to the stand.
  2. Add masses onto the spring to change force in 1N increments.
  3. Measure the extension of the spring with the ruler after each mass is added.
  4. Plot results on a graph. Gradient = Spring Constant.
55
Q

What errors can come with the Hooke’s Law experiment, and how can we solve them?

A
  • There can be a systematic error with measuring. Avoid it by lining up 0cm with the bottom of the spring.
  • There can be a random error by misreading the ruler due to perspective. Avoid this by getting eye level with the measurement when measuring.
56
Q

What is the equation of pressure?

A

Pressure (N/m2 or Pa) = force (N) / area (m2)

57
Q

Why do we feel pressure underwater?

A

This is due to the weight of the water above us pushing down on us.

58
Q

What is the alternate equartion for pressure?

A

Pressure (N/m2) = height (m)*density(kg/m3)*g(N/kg)
P = Lρg

59
Q

What is pressure in a gas due to?

A

The particles colliding with the walls of its container.

60
Q

When altitude rises, what happens?

A

The atmosphere gets less dense and there is less pressure.

61
Q

How do you find the speed/velocity on a distance/displacement-time graph?

A

The gradient. v(m/s) = d(m)/t(s)

62
Q

How do you find the acceleration on a speed/velocity-time graph?

A

The gradient. a(m/s2) = △v(m/s)/t(s)

63
Q

What does the area under a speed/velocity-time graph gradient give?

A

Displacement.

64
Q

What’s SUVAT?

A

S - displacement(m)
U - initial velocity (m/s)
V - final velocity (m/s)
A - acceleration (m/s2)
T - time (s)

65
Q

Try to memorise these equations:

A

v = u + at
s = (u+v/2)*t
s = u*t+0.5*a*t2
v2-u2 = 2*a*s

66
Q

What’s Newton’s first law?

A

If no resistant force acts on an object, its motion will be constant.

67
Q

What is inertia?

A

The tendency for an object’s motion to stay constant unless acted on by a resultant force.

68
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

An object experiences terminal velocity when the drag force = other force acting on it.

69
Q

What is Newton’s second law?

A

Force (N) = mass (kg)*acceleration(m/s2)

70
Q

Can newtons first and second law act on an object at the same time?

A

No.

71
Q

What is the practical to prove f = ma

A

Accelerate trolley on tract with slotted mass on string over pully
- Use photogates to measure acceleration
- Change force by removing masses and placing them on the trolley.
- Plot force against acceleration. The gradient = total mass.

72
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

For every action there’s an equal and opposite reaction. This is always true.

73
Q

What is stopping distance?

A

Thinking distance + breaking distance.

74
Q

What can thinking distance be affected by?

A

Speed (proportional), distractions, alcohol, drugs, fatigue.

75
Q

What can breaking distance be affected by?

A

Speed (proportional with a ratio of 1:12 because Ek = 0.5*m* v1

76
Q

How do you calculate momentum?

A

Momentum (kgm/s) = mass (kg)*velocity(m/s)
Momentum = mv

77
Q

In collisions, is total momentum lost, gained or conserved.

A

Conserved.

78
Q

What is the equation for momentum in a rebound collision?

A

m1v1 = m1v1 + m2v2

79
Q

What is the equation for momentum in a coupling collision?

A

m1v1 = mv

80
Q

What is the equation for momentum in a recoil collision?

A

0 = m1v1 + m2v2

81
Q

What is force?

A

The measure of the rate of change of momentum.

82
Q

With the momentum definition in mind, what is the equation for force?

A

Force = △momentum/△time

83
Q

As time goes on, what happens to the momentum and force?

A

As time goes on and momentum is lost or gained, the force exerted is lost and vice versa.

84
Q

Do waves transfer energy, matter or both?

A

Waves transfer energy but not matter.

85
Q

Which way do longitudinal waves oscillate?

A

Parallel to the direction of energy transfer.

86
Q

Which way do transverse waves oscillate?

A

Perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer.

87
Q

What does a longitudinal wave consist of?

A

Compressions and rarefactions.

88
Q

Give two examples of longitudinal waves.

A

Physics ☆☆ (3 decks)

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