notifiable diseases and immunisations Flashcards
what us a notifiable disease?
- Diseases, infections and conditions specifically listed as
notifiable under the Public Health (Infectious Diseases)
Regulations 1988 - Legal obligation for any doctor that suspects a case to inform
the Proper Officer of the Local Authority
you have to wait for lab confirmation before notifying PHE of a pt with a notifiable disease T or F?
F - don’t have to wait or lab confirmation
give examples of a notifiable disease
acute meningitis acute polimyelitis cholera diptheria enteric fever haemolytic uraemic syndrome leprosy malaria measles mumps rubella SARS whooping cough TB infectious bloody diarrhoea Leginnaires
why are some diseases notifiable?
very severe diseases
vaccine preventable diseases
diseases that need specific control measures
Why is it important to notify PHE about these diseases?
we can detect changes in a disease ie new outbreaks and can give early warning o people in the surrounding areas, staff and can predict spread
we can track changes in a disease - has the disease got any more severe, are more people getting affected and what are the risk factors
How do you notify PHE of a disease?
fill in a form on the GOV website
how can we protect the community from notifiable diseases?
investigate - ie contact tracing
identify and protect vulnerable people - ie isolation, immunisation and chemoprophylaxis
exclude high risk people from high risk settings
Educate, inform, raise awareness, health promotion
Coordinate multi-agency responses
give examples of diseases to which maternal antibodies are passed onto the foetus
measles
pertussis
what diseases do we have methods of passive immunisation against?
tetanus, hepatitis B, rabies and
varicella zoster
measles
hepatitis A.
how is passive immunity obtained?
by injection of human immunoglobulin - Human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) derived from the pooled plasma of
donors and contains antibodies
what can vaccines be made from?
inactivated - ie dead pathogens attenuated life organisms secreted products eg toxins constituents of cell walls/ subunits recombinant proteins
which vaccines are killed/inactivated?
pertussis, inactivated polio
which vaccines are attenuated live?
yellow fever, MMR, polio, BCG
which vaccines contain secreted products?
tetanus, diphtheria toxoids
which vaccines contain the constituents of cell walls?
Hep B
what are the disadvantages of polysaccaride vaccines?
not as immunogenic as protein antigens.
Protection is not long-lasting
Response in infants and young children often poor.
Do live attenuated vaccines work quickly?
no - the live attenuated organism must replicate in the vaccinated individual to produce an immune response and this takes time ie days or weeks
what is primary vaccine failure?
person doesn’t develop immunity from the vaccine
what is secondary vaccine failure?
person develops immunity from the vaccine but this protection wanes over time to below the protective level
in what two ways can meningococal infection present?
meningitis or septicaemia
what bacterium causes meningococcal infection?
Neisseria meningitidis
how is meningiococcal infection spread?
Transmitted from person to person by inhaling
respiratory secretions from the mouth and throat or
by direct contact (kissing)
close prolonged contact is required as it does not live long outside the body
at what age do the majority of infections occur of meniniococcal disease?
under 1 is the peak incidence
the majority of infections occurs in children less than 5
At what age on the second peak of incidence for meningococcal infection?
young adults -15-19
