NOTES - Week 2 - nucleus, mitochondria, chromosomes, structure of chromatin. Flashcards
EJ KLAR
Conclusion you can draw from these pictures.
Shows the big size of the nucleus in a cell and from the right we can see that vast majority of nucleic acids are in the nucleus. DAPI able to bind with nucleic acids region that is rich with Adenine and Thynine- thats why we see nucleic acids!
Common terms for this week
Membrane-bounded organelle
Nucleus
Nucleic acids
Linear DNA
NPC
Explain the nucleus
It is what?
It can be said that it is what? And why?
What molecules does it contain?
What do you know about the amount of nucleus in a cell? Examples?
Most prominent membrane-bounded organelle.
“Controlling center of the cell” dvs contain nessecary info for survival and normal function of the cell.
Contains linear DNA molecules
Few cells that don’t have nucleus → highly specialised cells = RBC with only goal is to transport oxygen.
Also some have multiple nucleus.
Nucleus: generally important in cells because of function but not necessary for survival → means that stem cells need to have….
Explain the picture
Hints: what can you see, understand the arrows,
Electromicroscopy of nucleus
Clearly see membrane-bounded organelle.
On zoom in we can see pore complexes on aoom membranebounded organelle.
Name all the red parts
Explain the red box name that is bounded with the yellow net. What it is.
Tell me about the nuclear envelpope, what it is and what it contains. Also its functions.
Outer membrane: continuation of rough ER
Perinuclear space: between inner and outer membrane. Cont. of rough ER lumen
Lamina - specifik protein
Nuclear envelope function: physically separates nucleus from cytoplasma in Eukaryotes cells.
Functionally: separates 2 processes..
1. Copy of info (mRNA synthesis) from
2. Protein synthesis (occurs in cytoplasma/membrane of Rough ER)
obs separated by time and space
Outer nuclear membrane
Inner nuclear membrane
Perinuclear space
Size difference
OM and IM. Same by structure and thickness. Small differences. 7-8 nm thick
PS: 10-30 nm wide
Formulate ono qestiona
from 10.00 lecture 2 part 1
What is NPC?
What does it consist of?
rawan är proens pappa !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Large complicated protein complex which forms a channel - transport pathway.
Consists of proteins called nucleoporins (NUPS aka noobs) = involed in selecting molecules that are passing trough.
NPC responsible for protected exchange of components between nucleus and cytoplasma.
NPC density depends on function.
Schematic repr. of NPC
8 groups of Nups = spokes
What does the central transporter do?
It’s surrounded by..?
What assists the active transport macromolecules have.
- tell me more about what they do
What binds importing molecules and what binds exporting molecules.
Explain LINC
Nuclear lamina
2 types of lamina
Isoforms meaning
same gene but by changing parts - acquire different isoforms
What does nuclear lamina form
hint: appearance
What is lamina involved in?
What are laminopathies?
What is phenotypes
What is the nucleoplasm
What are non-histone proteins
What are histones?
Contains:
Contribute to?
What form
Aminoacids makes it postive
H1 DNA linkers-
Hjäölper att ske transkription även om dem är så tajta
NINJA NERD
+ och - laddade
Chromatin är histoner packat runt DNA
nucelosome- packed twice
Name all parts of the picture
What is this structure called
Chromatin fiber
Explain this picture
The chromatin fibers forms a kind of loops. The loops are held together by red lines (scaffold proteins)
Scaffold proteins give structure to chromatin. By these loops = spiral structure
General understanding of this picture
Be able to explain this without looking
3.00 lecture 2 part 2
What is Chromatin?
Explain this picture
Eurochromatin
Heterochromatin
Difference?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6LXyzZn5Ls
LÄGG IN OCH KOLLA
Metephase chromosome
1/2
Metaphase chromosome
The tight coiling of the 250 nm fibre produces the chromatid of a chromosome.
■During the S phase (interphase) of the cell cycle replication of DNA take place and two identical chromatids are produced.
■Chromosomes (metaphase chromosomes mitotic chromosomes) can be observed during the cell division.
2/2
Fill in the gaps and explain what they are.
**What are sister chromatides
**
**What is Centromere **
**What is Kinotochore
** And what it is needed for,
**What is Satelittes
**
**What is Secondary constriction? **
Name all the different parts of the chromosome!
Think of association
What is NOR
The ends of linear DNA
(((it contains what repeated nucleotide sequence))))
Explain this
Represents structure of the telomeres.
6 nucleotide repetition will go (full varv)
T-loop
Functions of telomeres
Explain Molecular mechanism ICFS
Hints: change in…
OBS understand wtf this is
What does she say in this slide?
Karyotype pictures: strange shape of chromosome - with stretched centromeric parts of it
= result of un/low methylated centromerc regions of chromosome
During cell division - this strange shape with centromeres in between
(not important) A common misconception about humans and amount of chromosomes we have compared to our intelligence
Numbers characteristics for each species karyotype, not the size of the genome = not intelligence
Describe the human karyotype
Somatic and germ cells have..
What determines sex linked characteristics
What are the short regions of homology between the X and Y chromosome
What type of chromosomes are we talking about?
Sex chromosomes, but not all regions are sex-linked regions. They are called PS… because they behave in a ….
(Look at the pic)
Compare male and female chromosomes
What to extract for info from this picture
OBS not normal karyotype
- Usually only 1 chromosome will be randomly staying active and all the rest will be inactivated
45, 0
turner syndrom. Deletion of x chromosomes. no barrbodies visible.
46, 0
male, only 1 x chromosome = no barr bodies visible.
What conclusion can be drawn for this picture
The nucleolus
OBS flippa så att betydelse är frågan och svaren är orden
Prokaryotic chromosome
What is nucleoid
Nucleoid is a place in prokaryotic cells where most of the genetic information is stored
What can be seen of these 2 pictures
Left:
Schematic rep. chromosome is already supercoiled and (+ binding proteins) will bend DNA to fit into the cell
Right: electromicroscopy, see the areas that rep. DNA chromosome supercoiled binded together with enzymes (who takes part in formation of nucleoid and enzymes which are involved in gene expression of the DNA)
Mitochondria
7.30 lecture 2 part 3
*Mitochondria and chloroplasts likely evolved from engulfed prokaryotes that once lived as independent organisms. At some point, a eukaryotic cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote, which then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote, gradually developing into a mitochondrion.
*
Self replecating means that it can replicate independently from cell cycle
mitochrondria has lot of similiarities with prokaryotes.
What is mitochondria composed of?
What is mtDNA
Features and functions of mitochondria
11.00 lecture 2 part 2
Summary lecture 2
obs more in answer
