notes from first half of review sheet

Question 1

What is Tradition

Answer 1

• Precedent- what we’ve always done
• Allows for shared language and communication
• Lacks external validation, Stifles search for new info, Rejects contrary evidence
• appropriate to use when it works for your patient

Question 2

what is Authority

Answer 2

• Often based on success, popularity
• useful when scientific evidence is weak or not available
• stifles critical analysis

Question 3

Trial & Error

Answer 3

• it may work but, it may not be the best response
• Useful when no other basis for making a decision
• knowledge not always shared, not systemic, time consuming

Question 4

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 4

• General to specific
• it allows you to use logic to justify work-related decisions
• reliable source
• tests to see an existing theory
• dependent on the truth of premise, organizes but doesn’t create new knowledge, doesn’t account for outliers or unfamiliar scenarios

Ex: Cold decreases fluid infiltration in tissue. Edema occurs in ankle sprains due to fluid infiltration, therefore, cold decreases edema following an ankle sprain.

Question 5

Inductive reasoning

Answer 5

-Develops generalizations from specific observations
(specific to general)
-it helps to see patterns, and tests to see a developing theory
-Basis of common knowledge (problem-solving tactic)
-dependent on representativeness of observations

ex. Ice decreases swelling in swollen knees and elbows, it may, therefore, decrease swelling in other joints

Question 6

Primary source

Answer 6

• the original report of research written by researchers
• comes from direct study
• top ranking
• Journal or research article

Question 7

Secondary source

Answer 7

• Books, chapters, anecdotes, case reports, opinion articles, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations
• someone else’s interpretation

Question 8

teritary source

Answer 8

• research about the research

- Meta-analysis or systematic reviews

Question 9

What does it mean to critically appraise an article or a number of articles?

Answer 9

To review the literature, understand the study as a whole, and then analyze each section.

Question 10

Why should we critically appraise an article?

Answer 10

Allows us to answer clinical questions, solve problems, provide our best care to patients, and educate others

Question 11

Title section

Answer 11

The information included is: to identify the purpose of the study, population, variables studied, equipment or tests used.

Question 12

Introduction

Answer 12

This section includes the problem, question, hypothesis, and null hypothesis.

Question 13

methodology

Answer 13

-Information included are the subjects, (demo, inclusion/exclusion),
Inclusion: those who can participate
Exclusion: who can’t participate in the study
-instrumentation, procedures, and analysis
-To understand the design of the project. Instructs the reader on the way that things “will be done”

Tests, assessments( validity or procedure)

Question 14

Data analysis

Answer 14

To understand the data and what information was analyzed.

Question 15

results

Answer 15

Just the facts of the research study and NO interpretation. Discuss the subject demos, the data analysis, and the hypothesis

Tables/graphs/visuals
subject demographics/
Hypothesis- whether it was supported or not

Question 16

discussion

Answer 16

• To understand the authors logical interpretations on the research
• Subjections can vary here, explain what data means and how the data supports the hypothesis/question. Acknowledges limitations and accounts for differences

Question 17

conclusion

Answer 17

Summary of each section to get an overview with a definitive closing statement-not redundant

Question 18

hypothesis

Answer 18

• a predictive statement

- proposes an expected result.

Question 19

null hypothesis

Answer 19

a statement of no difference

-has no effect or relationship between variables

Question 20

operational

Answer 20

something that is measurable. Uniqueness
-pain scale on a 0-10 is a sharp pain in the low back
(very specific)

Question 21

conceptual

Answer 21

-textbook definition, does it explain the construct ( how well the two variables actually relate) , more generalized
-pt. in pain is it sharp, dull, aching, having paresthesia, shooting etc.
(more general)

Question 22

reliability

Answer 22

consistency, degree of dependability

“it is the degree to which the result of measurement, calculation, or specification can be depended on to be precise”

Question 23

instrument reliability

Answer 23

the measurements within the instrument – using a device to measure consistency

Question 24

intra-rater reliability

Answer 24

within the same researcher, pre vs post how consistent are the measurements by the same person

Question 25

inter-rater reliability

Answer 25

how consistent is the measurements between two researchers, do they get the same or similar results

Question 26

validity

Answer 26

It provides a sense of usefulness and truthfulness to understand how a test or measurement is intended to perform.

Question 27

internal validity

Answer 27

How well the experiment was performed by limiting confounders. We ask was the research done “right”?

Question 28

Threats to internal validity

Answer 28

selection bias, history, maturation, attrition, testing effect, reactive measurements, instrument variability, lacking blinding between groups

Question 29

external validity

Answer 29

results of the experiment can be generalized to the target population. We ask if the study is useful outside of the parameters of the study.

Question 30

threats to external validity

Answer 30

treatment interaction, setting, timing, Environment not similar, passage of time, subject characteristics not similar at baseline

Question 31

construct valdity

Answer 31

how well the two variables relate to each other

Question 32

content validity

Answer 32

how well every aspect of the construct was measured

Question 33

statistical validity

Answer 33

how reliable and accurate the conclusions were from the statistical analysis

Question 34

foreground

Answer 34

- also referred to as PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) - Developed in response to the need to identify evidence regarding the use of a specific intervention in the management of a particular patient ex. In a 38-year-old female with carpal tunnel syndrome, what is the efficacy of exercise and ergonomic interventions compared to no treatment for decreasing pain and disability?

Question 35

background

Answer 35

- Leads clinicians to information regarding the specific pathology, they usually do not provide clinicians with up-to-date information about optimal treatment options for patients. - Developed to enhance knowledge relative to a specific disorder. ex. What causes carpal tunnel syndrome? Why do patients develop coronary artery disease?

Question 36

level I evidence

Answer 36

High Quality ( experimental, diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment, randomized control studies)

Question 37

level II evidence

Answer 37

Quasi Experiment - attempts to establish a cause-and-effect relationship (often have higher external validity) may have weaker diagnostic criteria, reference standards, improper randomization, <80% follow up

Question 38

level III

Answer 38

Case Controlled/retrospective studies | less quality evidence, follow up is rare, retrospective: hypothesis is formulated after data collection

Question 39

level IV evidence

Answer 39

Case series/ case studies | has more room for bias, opinion and lower strengths of evidence

Question 40

level V evidence

Answer 40

Expert Opinion | More bias, opinions, and little to no strengths of evidence

Question 41

nominal

Answer 41

``` Qualitative- No ordering or direction very black and white your either this or not -categorizes and labels values ex. Marital status, gender, ethnicity ```

Question 42

ordinal

Answer 42

Qualitative- Rankings, order, or scaling very fluctuating it can change -categorizes and labels values, ranks categories in order Student letter grade, NFL team ranking

Question 43

interval/continuous

Answer 43

Quantitative the sum of the moment every time -categorizes and labels values, ranks categories in order, has known equal intervals The temperature in Fahrenheit, SAT scores, IQ, Year

Question 44

ratio/discrete

Answer 44

Quantitative can compare two numbers -categorizes and labels values, ranks categories in order, has known equal intervals, has a true or meaningful zero Age, height, weight

Question 45

independent variable

Answer 45

is the cause

Question 46

dependent variable

Answer 46

the variable being tested or measured in an experiment

Question 47

qualitative

Answer 47

- Descriptive- relating to words and languages-describes certain attributes - lots of info in a small sample size - research is flexible - open ended questions - specific insights - Lack of statistical representation - results are difficult to replicate - ex. documents, pictures, audio recordings, descriptions or labels

Question 48

quantitative

Answer 48

-Countable or measurable- relating to numbers - tells us how many, how much, how often -gather large amounts of data -easier to generalize data -straight to the point questions -Get a less detailed picture -lacking context -can have possible misinterpretation by consumer -no in-depth information measurements, ROM, cost, weight