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ANP 206 > Notes for midterm 2 > Flashcards

Notes for midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

reproductive isolating mechanisms

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2
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

reproductive isolating barriers

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3
Q

ecological/ habitat isolation

A

separation in habitats, temperature differences, availability of food sources,

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4
Q

temporal isolation

A

separation in time of living, so they cant mate becuase they were from different eras.

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5
Q

ethological/behavioral isolation

A

separation in behavior, like the anubis and the hamadryas baboons.

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6
Q

mechanical isolation

A

differences in physical characteristics that prevent mating, i.e. chihuaha and a great dane cant mate.

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7
Q

gematic isolation

A

sperm dies, dies during development. gamatic mortality.

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8
Q

F1 inavailability

A

idk yet

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9
Q

F1 sterility

A

in the case of the mule, it is sterile and cannot reproduce.

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10
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

annubis monkey and hammadryas example of mixed behaviors that are beneficial.

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11
Q

genetic differentiation

A

mutations will increase variation within an isolated area. genetic drift will alter allele frequencies, natural selection will change allele frequencies.

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12
Q

phylogenetic or morphology

A

the evolution of a physical trait over time. trough observance of morphological changes of earlier fossils.

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13
Q

anagenesis

A

straight line evolution, look at the evolution of a form a species to form B then to C. linear evolution of a species over time.

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14
Q

cladogenesis

A

branching evolution, where clades form, the splitting of the branch in two for another species.

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15
Q

clade or monophyletic group

A

where the split begins for a new species, ex: feline branch separates into lions, mynx, leapord. And the great ape clade and their ancestors.

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16
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the evolution of morphology( ex: hands and the bones in the hand) due to the environment changes and introduction of new resources,

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17
Q

gradualism

A

slow and steady accumulation of variation, predicts smooth transitions.

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18
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

mostly stasis, with short rapid changes.

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19
Q

7 common misconceptions

A

1: bigger is not always better
2: newer is not always better. age has no influence on usefulness.
3: natural selection does not always work.
4: no orthogenesis, evolution is not headed in a certain direction.
5: natural selection does not always produce perfect structures. just good enough.
6: not all structures are adaptive, some are by products of other biological processes (the chin), and others may have once had a function but no longer do( appendix)
7: current structures do not always reflect initial adaptions. structures do not always reflect initial adaptions. structures given for certain functions now may nto have evolved for that specific function. like upright walking and the ability to use tools although walking developed mya before.

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20
Q

chronometric dating

A

or absolute dating, on a time scale of archeology and geology.

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21
Q

relative dating

A

the relative order in which certain things came before others.

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22
Q

taphonomy

A

the study of what happens to plants and animals after they die. which bones are likely to fossilize, most likely to be left by predator, which bones are most likely to be washed away by water, how far does pollen travel from its source.

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23
Q

paleoecology

A

reconstructing the prehistoric environment, waht animals,plants,water sources were available. what was the temp? season?

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24
Q

palynology

A

a tool of paleoecology, looks at fossil pollen, particular plants typify particular enviroments (e.g. pine trees verses palm trees)

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25
Q

geological time

A

changes occur over vast time scales.

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26
Q

phylogeny

A

the use of shared traits to construct the tree of evolution, can be on a molecular level or morphological data.

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27
Q

homologous traits

A

traits in two species that have similar structures because they were derived from a common ancestor may or may not have a similar function

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28
Q

homoplasy

A

analogous traits, physical traits in different species that have simialr functions but different structures, these have evolved interdependently and thus were not present in the common ancestor. two kinds: parallel evolution
convergent evolution

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29
Q

parallel evolution

A

often difficult to distinguish from a homology because this occurs in closely related species that have recently diverged( and thus share many homologies) ex: increase in dentition size among closely related hominid species aprox. 3mya

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30
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar adaptions in rather distinct evolutionary lines.

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31
Q

primitive trait

A

traits that have not changed from their ancestral state.

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32
Q

derived traits

A

traits that have changed from the ancestral state.

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33
Q

cladistics

A

counts only shared derived traits, ignores shared primitive traits to form biological classification

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34
Q

phenetics

A

focuses on overall physical similarities to group organisms. counts both primitive and derived traits that are shared, deosnt distinguish between homologous and convergent/parallel traits.

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35
Q

k,p,sp,c,o,so,sf,f,g,s

A 
kingdon;animalia 
phylum;chordata
subphylum: verbrata 
class: mammalia 
order:primates 
suborder: anthropoidea 
superfamily: hominidae (hominoids) 
family: hominidea (hominids) 
genus:homo
species:sapiens
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36
Q

eutherian

A

have placentas and give birth to a mature fetus.

37
Q

protharian

A

primitive mammal. lay eggs eve though they are mammals.

38
Q

marsupials

A

give birth to an extremely immature fetus and safe keep it in a pouch.

39
Q

monotremes

A

lay eggs still, platypus and spiny ant eater only ones left.

40
Q

homeotherm

A

we maintain an internal body temperature, but at a cost. as it allows us to to live in virtually any environment.

41
Q

heterodonte

A

we have a variety of teeth that allow us to consume a variety of food, but we only have two sets.

42
Q

mammary gland

A

provide food and immunity for the the infant but it is costly on the mother, limits number of offspring.

43
Q

placenta

A

aids offspring by assuring proper nutrition in a safe environment but requires allot of energy.

44
Q

K-selected

A

behaviors shape how well offspring survive, so adaption to mother and bonds that help the infant learn. High amounts of parental behavior. , quality over quantity. chimps and their mothers, how if not cared for they become unable to reproduce, socialize and even take care of their young.

45
Q

r selected

A

less parental care to none, like fish or frogs, just want quantity.

46
Q

cerebrum

A

area of the fore-brain that consist of the outer most layer of brain cells, associates with memory, learning and intelligence.

47
Q

prehensile tail

A

its a tail…that has adapted to grasp unto tree, keep balance. apes do not have tail. nwm do,

48
Q

binocularstereoscopic vision.

A

allows two images at the same time to be passed to opposite sides of the brain and give depth perception

49
Q

color vision

A

useful for detecting objects in a moderate contrast environment like forest and jungles.

50
Q

learning in context of primates

A

primates rely on learned behaviors, spend much of time maturing and learning social behaviors that help for example IMO. behavioral flexibility is key to culture.

51
Q

behavioral flexibility

A

key to culture, like chimps learned to care from their mother’s.

52
Q

solitary group

A

smallest social group, just a mother and her offspring.

53
Q

monogamy

A

exclusive sexual bond for a long period of time. in some relationships the father might do allot of parental work.

54
Q

polygamy

A

a sexual bond between a male and female but can have more than 1 mate at a time.

55
Q

polyandry

A

female with many mates at the same time, only with tamarins, marmosets.

56
Q

polygyny

A

gorillas and howler monkeys , one male with many mates.

57
Q

multi-male milti-female

A

group consists of more that on adult, of each sex and the offspring, and is the most common non human social primate group. mating is promiscuous, group composition is variable. paternal investment is variable as well, depending on strategies for assuring paternity.

58
Q

primates

A

have large brains, steroescopic binocular vision, closed boney ring around eye, nails and grasping hands.

59
Q

promisians

A

22 living species in mostly in madagascar, they really on smell, smaller brains in relative smaller body size, more nocturnal, many are clingers and leapers,

60
Q

tarsiers

A

found in indonesea, small solitary and nocturnal, odd features like dry nose, odd diet: insects, spiders and vertebrates(bats, snakes, brirds) convergent with owls.

61
Q

Loris

A

found in asia and mainland africa. small solitary nocturnal, omnivorous(eat mollusks, insects, lizards, eggs, small mammals and fruits) stalkers, slower than lemurs because of their prey.

62
Q

lemur

A

only found in madagascar, has no competition with anthropoids, both nocturnal and diurnal, highly variable body sizes, locomotion varies, elongated middle finger for insect fishing. ring tailed lemurs have high social groups, diurnal, highly terrestrial female and female descendants are in the same group, female dominated group, have scent glands, so males have stink fights, females and males mark their territory and the females inform the males of availability to mate.

63
Q

anthropoids

A

monkeys(old and new world) and hominoids( apes ad humans), body size and brain size & complexity are larger that promisians, rely more on visual abilities, more complex social structure than promisians, all except for 1 are diurnal, include terrestrial and arboreal, fully enclosed eye socket not like promisians.

64
Q

platyrrhines

A

new world anthropoids are found in C and S america, 4 extra permolars, nwm have prehensile tails, flatter noses with side facing nostrils, are all arboreal no terrestrial. 5 families taht belong to ceboidea.

65
Q

catarrhines

A

all quadrapeds, devided into two sub-families: cicocipethines and colobines, multimale multifemale or unimale, varies maybe because of availability of food. share same dental formula as humans, inhibit wide range of environment.

66
Q

colobines

A

folivorous (35-75), 4 chambered gut that allows digestion of leaves and deactivates toxins. long tail, diverse colorization, usually contain only one male but are diverse social structures,

67
Q

cercopithecines

A

mostly in subsaharan africa except for macaques, , includes several groups that are moslty terrestrial. some live in large social groups. terrestially and sociability make them good analogies for evolution of early hominids.

68
Q

hominoid

A

both human and non-human apes. suspensory climbers (rather that jumping and moving on top of the branches) flexible shoulders allows hominoids to raise their arms above their head, longer front limbs than back limbs and long fingers, modern humans are the exception to this rule, wrist joint has a miniscus. no tails and larger size, greater intelligence and learning ability, invest more in ther young k-selected, lower milar structure is different with 5 cusps istead f 4 called the y-5 pattern.

69
Q

gibbons

A

range is tropical and subtropical rainforest of southeastern asia, extremely long arms realtive to body and legs, long fingers, short thumbs, use hands like hooks to swing from branch to branch, no sexual dimorphism in body size, both sexes have large canines, but males slightley larger, monogamous and mate for life.

70
Q

gorillas

A

eastern and western gorillas, extreme sexual domorphism, the diet is 85% leaves. social group is unimale : one male, several adult females, and their off-spring.

71
Q

orangutans

A

found only in tropical rainforest in borneo and sumatra, fossil orangs are found more widely throughout asia.orangs are vegetarians 60% are fruits not enough food to support large groups. mother and infant only, males only interact during mating.

72
Q

bonobos

A

sex is often recreational, used to reinforce bonds and resolve conflict. peacful egalitarian societies, mother-son bonds, females form bonds for mutual support and protection killings almost unheard of.

73
Q

common chimps

A

sex for reproduction only and intense competition during 10 estrous period, reproductive tactics of males can conclude infanticide, dominance: aggressive, male dominated societies, male alliances intergroup killing.

74
Q

socioecology

A

the study of social structure and organization in relationship to environmental factors.

75
Q

sociobiology

A

the study of genetic and morphological structure in relationship to environmental factors. the study of behavior from an evolutionary perspective, particularly natural selection.

76
Q

danger

A

a reason to stay n a social group, groupsfo primates have been known to chase of lions, cheetas, wild dogs, when there is high prediation risk primates tend to stick together. constnt vigilance is needed so larger group is essential, greater canines in terrestrial primates could show they are at greater risk of prediation.

77
Q

dilution effect

A

stay in larger group because chances are there is someone weaker than you, and you can get away.

78
Q

food

A

larger groups means more access to food, due to proper defense with large group, more success at finsing resources since more are looking, avoids using depleted resources.

79
Q

wrangham’s resource defense model

A

!: joint defense of food resources

2: food items are relatively valuable
3. food sources are clumped in space and time.
4. there is enough food within the defended reources to feed all, fruit satisfies this, in seasonality time= quality food. defensibility of food resources is correlated with group size, home range size is important although some resources are relatively far more ground might need to be covered.

80
Q

wringhams hypothesis:

A

larger social groups have less of a feeding competition, ex gorillas have a small feeding comp. while orangs have alot due to smaller groups and males lone wolf travel.

81
Q

SEX and group size.

A

females: predicted to be choosy on who about who sirens their offspring, cant have very many of them so must make each one count.
males; predicted to try to mate with as many females as possible, all they need to invest is sperm, so number of offspring depends on how many females they impregnate.

82
Q

differential of reproductive investment

A

females tend to distribute themselves according to distribution and availability of resources across space and time. if it is evenly distributed then the resources are not defendable, but if it is patchy in distribution it is defendable and becomes territory.
males distribute themselves according to females.

83
Q

intrasexual selection

A

results from competition between the same sex. males compete against other males in polygynous groups for access to females, , in monogamous only one mate so little selection is done for larger males. females dont need to be large as access to males is already there. in multimale or multifemale the females mate with as many males as possible this sexual selection favors more sperm production.

84
Q

intersexual selection

A

preferences of one sex for particular traits in another. this favors males who have better genes, also there is a possibility of building a friendship that would convince the female. females dilema, the handicap principle, where a male will advertise their high level of fitness through handicapping behaviors or morphology, nonadaptive traits: proboscis nose shape and mandrill coloring of genetalia

85
Q

infanticide

A

time is short for alpha males, so infanticide is important form of male reproductive strategy, especially in unimale groups. so upon group takeover, kill the youngest, causing females to ovulate faster since now the dont care for a young one. simply becuase they copulate more and do it at the right time,

86
Q

dominance hierarchies

A

female dominance:higher ranked females have more reproductive success, ditto for high ranked males,

87
Q

coles paradox

A

optimal fitness is a lifetime of reproduction, allocation of time and energy, the scheduling and implementation of important life events.

88
Q

4 trade off of principles of life’s history

A

current reproduction and survival, individuals that spend more time mating die sooner.
current and future reproduction, langur infanticide young females allow it, because it is more important to survive and not suffer injury, cost bebefit.
number size and sex of offspring, more offspring means less investment per offspring, one sex may have a greater chances in the future reproduction than the other.ranks of social groups show change in sex ratios, hihger ranked have more males and vice versa for low ranking.
growth and reproduction

ANP 206 (1 decks)

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