Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Musculoskeletal System consists of
A
- bones
- joints
- muscles
2
Q
Musculoskeletal System needed for
A
- for support to stand erect
- movement
- encase and protect the inner vital organs
- produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
- a reservoir for storage of essential minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
3
Q
Components of the musculoskeletal system
A
- Skeleton - bony framework of the body
- Bones and cartilage (forms of connective tissue)
- Joint (articulation)
4
Q
Bones
A
- hard, rigid, and very dense
- cells continuously turn over and remodel
- 206 bones
5
Q
Joints
A
- place of union of 2-or more bones
- functional units of the musculoskeletal system
- permit mobility for ADLs
- Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial joints
6
Q
Fibrous joints
A
- bones are united by interjacent fibrous tissue or cartilage
- immovable joints (sutures in the skull)
7
Q
Cartilaginous joints
A
- separated by fibrocartilagenous discs
- Slightly moveable (vertebrae)
8
Q
Synovial joints
A
- freely movable
- bones are separated and enclosed in a joint cavity
9
Q
Joint cavity
A
- lined with a synovial membrane that secretes lubricant/synovial fluid
- Fluid allows sliding of opposing surfaces and permits movement
- ## cartilage covers the surface of opposing bones
10
Q
Cartilage
A
- avascular
- receives nourishment from synovial fluid
- stable connective tissue (slow cell turnover)
- tough and flexible
11
Q
Ligaments
A
- fibrous bands that connect two bones
- strengthens the joint
prevents movement in undesirable directions
12
Q
Bursa
A
- a sac filled with viscous synovial fluid
- located in areas of potential friction
- help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over the bone
13
Q
Muscles
A
- account for 40-50% of body weight
- contraction produce movement
- 3 types (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
14
Q
Skeletal Muscle
A
- Voluntary muscles under conscious control
- composed of bundles of fasciculi (fibers)
- attach to bone by tendon (fibrous cord)
15
Q
Skeletal muscle movements
A
- Flexion, extension
- Abduction, adduction
- Pronation, supination
- Circumduction, rotation
- Inversion, eversion
- Protraction, retraction
- Elevation, depression
16
Q
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
A
- articulation of the mandible and temporal bone
- palpate it in the depression anterior to the tragus of the ear
- permits jaw function for speaking and chewing
- 3 movements
1) hinge action - open and close
2) gliding - protrusion and retraction
3) gliding from side-to-side movement of the lower jaw
17
Q
Spine
A
- 33 connecting bones (vertically stacked)
- Palpate spinous processes in furrow midline of back
- 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae
- Lateral view (a double S-shape)
- Movement
1 - Flexion - bending forward
2 - Extension - bending backward
3 - abduction - lateral (side)
4 - Rotation
18
Q
S-shape
A
- Cervical and lumbar curves are concave (inwards or anterior)
- thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves as convex
- allows the spine to absorb a great deal of shock
19
Q
Intervertebral disc
A
- elastic fibrocartilaginous plates between vertebrae
20
Q
Nucleus pulposus
A
- soft, semifluid, mucoid material
- cushion the spine (absorb and allows compression
21
Q
Shoulder
A
- belt of three large bones (humerus, scapula, clavicle), joint, and muscles
- glenohumeral joint (scapula and humerus at glenoid fossa)
- Ball and socket joint
- Rotator cuff (stabilize shoulder joint)
22
Q
Rotator Cuff
A
- Foarurs muscles (SITS) 1 - Supraspinatus 2 - Infraspinatus 3 - Teres minor 4 - Subscapularis
23
Q
Shoulder Palpation landmark
A
- Acromion process
- Greater tubercle - humerus
- Coracoid process
24
Q
Wrist and Carpals
A
- half of 206 bones are in hands and feet
- Radiocarpal joint: the articulation of the distal radius (thumbs side) and 8 carpal bones
- Midcarpal: articulation between the two parallel rows of carpal bones. Allows flexion, extension, and rotation
- Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and interphalangeal joints (DIP and PIP) permit finger flexion and extension.
25
Q
Elbow
A
- contains three bony articulation (humerus, radius, ulna)
- Hinge joint (flexion and extension)
- Muscles (biceps, brachioradialis, triceps, brachialis)
- Palpable - medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus, olecranon process of ulna
- Radioulnar joint: pronation and supination
26
Q
Hip
A
- articulation between acetabulum and head of the femur
- ball-and-socket joint
- Palpable (iliac crest, ischial tuberosity, greater trochanter of the femur)
27
Q
Knee
A
- articulation of three bones (femur, tibia, patella)
- the largest joint in the body (hinge joint - Flexion and extension)
- Palpable (tibial tuberosity, patella)
28
Q
Ankle and foot
A
- also known tibiotalar joint
- articulation of tibia, fibula, and talus
- Hinge joint (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
- Palpable ( medial and lateral malleolus, calcaneus)
- Subtalar joint - allows inversion and eversion
29
Q
Infants and Children
A
- by 3 months gestation (scale model - skeleton made of cartilage)
- In utero - cartilage ossifies into the true bone and starts to grow
- long bones grow in 2 dimensions (width and lengthening)
- lengthening occurs at epiphyses (growth plate)
- the last closure of the growth plate is at 20 years.
- at birth, spine has a single C-shape
30
Q
The Pregnant Woman
A
- Increased levels of circulating hormones causes increase joint mobility
- Marternal postures (lordosis) - compensating for enlarging fetus - shifting weight backwards
- Nerve pressure creates aching, numbness, and weakness in upper extremities in some women
31
Q
The Aging Adult
A
- peak bone mass or bone mineral density (BMD) is reached in the early to late 20s with females reaching peaks earlier than males.
- Remodeling - cyclic process of bones resorption and deposition for maintaining sites that need repair
- postural changes are evident
- Long bones do not shorten with age
- decreased height of 3-5cm due to the shortening of the vertebral column (loss of water content and thinning of the intervertebral discs.
- ## A greater decrease in height occurs between 70-80s
32
Q
Osteoporosis
A
- Loss of bone matrix occurs rapidly
- loss of mineralized bone mass and leading to the porous bone thus the risk of fractures
- Aging women at greater risk than women
- caused by decreasing levels of estrogen in both sexes
Prevention - resistance and weight training may increase bone density.
