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ESPM exam 3 > notes > Flashcards

notes Flashcards

1
Q

unwanted material that results from a human activity

A

waste

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2
Q

nonliquid waste that comes from homes, institutions, and small businesses

A

municipal solid waste

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3
Q

waste from production of consumer goods, mining, agriculture, and petroleum extraction and refining

A

industrial solid waste

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4
Q

solid or liquid waste that is toxic, chemically reactive, flammable, or corrosive

A

hazardous waste

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5
Q

minimizing waste at its source

A

source reduction

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6
Q

flow of waste as it moves from its sources toward disposal destinations

A

waste stream

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7
Q

waste is buried/piled into mounds engineered to prevent waste from contaminating the environment and threatening public health

A

sanitary landfill

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8
Q

liquid that results when substances from trash dissolve in water as rainwater percolates downward

A

leachate

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9
Q

controlled process where garbage is burned at very high temps

A

incineration

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10
Q

use heat produced by waste combustion to create steam that drives electricity generation

A

waste-to-energy

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11
Q

mix of gases from anaerobic decomposition

A

landfill gas

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12
Q

conversion of organic waste into mulch through natural decomposition

A

composting

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13
Q

collecting used items and breaking them down so their materials can be reprocessed to manufacture new items

A

recycling

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14
Q

redesigns industrial systems to reduce resources inputs and to maximize both physical and economical efficiency

A

industrial ecology

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15
Q

examining the entire life cycle of a product and looking for ways to make the process more efficient

A

life-cycle analysis

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16
Q

shallow depressions lined with plastic and clay used to store liquid hazardous waste

A

surface impoundments

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17
Q

a well is drilled deep beneath the water table into porous rock, and wastes are injected into it

A

deep-well injection

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18
Q

lands whos reuse/development are complicated by the presence of hazardous materials

A

brownfields

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19
Q

highly combustible substances formed from the remains of organisms from past geologic ages

A

fossil fuels

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20
Q

secondary form of energy that is easier to transfer over long distances and apply to a variety of uses

A

electricity

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21
Q

the difference between energy returned and energy invested

A

net energy

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22
Q

hard blackish substance formed from organic matter that was compressed under very high pressure, creating dense, solid carbon structures

A

coal

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23
Q

sludge-like liquid containing a mix of various hydrocarbon molecules

A

crude oil

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24
Q

gas consisting primarily of methane and including varying amounts of other voltile hydrocarbons

A

natural gas

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25
Q

deposits of moist sand and clay containing 1-20% bitumen, a thick and heavy form of petroleum that is rich in carbon and poor in hydrogen

A

oil (tar) sands

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26
Q

sedimentary rock filled with kerogen and can be processed to produce liquid petroleum

A

oil shale

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27
Q

ice-like solid consisting of molecules of methane embedded in a crystal lattice of water molecules

A

methane hydrate

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28
Q

capturing CO2 emissions, converting the gas to a liquid form, and then storing it in the ocean or underground in a geologically stable rock formation

A

carbon sequestration

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29
Q

drilling wells in directions outward from a drilling pad, as drillers bore down vertically and then curve to drill horizontally

A

directional drilling

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30
Q

energy that holds together protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom

A

nuclear energy

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31
Q

the splitting apart of atomic nuclei that drives the release of nuclear energy in power plants

A

nuclear fission

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32
Q

organic material derived from organisms, and it contains chemical energy that originated with sunlight and photosynthesis

A

biomass

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33
Q

fuel produced from vegetable oil, used cooking grease, or animal fat

A

biodiesel

34
Q

using enzymes to produce ethanol from cellulose, which gives structure to all plant material

A

cellulosic ethanol

35
Q

using the kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity

A

hydropower

36
Q

impounding water behind dams and then letting the water pass through to create energy

A

hydropower storage technique

37
Q

generates electricy without greatly disrupting the flow of river water

A

hydropower run-of-river technique

38
Q

magnifying the intensity of solar energy by gathering sunlight from a wide area and focusing it on a single point

A

concentrated solar power

39
Q

cells that convert sunlight into electrical energy when light reaches them

A

photovoltaic (PV) cells

40
Q

mechanical assemblies that convert winds’ kinetic energy into electrical energy

A

wind turbines

41
Q

thermal energy that arises from beneath earth’s surface

A

geothermal energy

42
Q

as tidal currents pass through a dam, water turns turbines to generate electricity

A

tidal energy

43
Q

harnessing the motion of ocean waves and converting their mechanical energy into electricity

A

wave energy

44
Q

electricity is input to split hydrogen atoms from the O2 atoms of water molecules

A

electrolysis

45
Q

shift from the countryside to towns and cities

A

urbanization

46
Q

smaller communities that ring cities

A

suburbs

47
Q

spread of low-density urban/suburban development outward from an urban center

A

urban sprawl

48
Q

the pracice of classifying areas for different types of development/land use

A

zoning

49
Q

focusing development and economic interest in existing urban centers and favoring multistory shop-houses and high-rises

A

smart growth

50
Q

seeks to design functional neighborhoods where families can meet most of their needs close to home without using a car

A

new urbanism

51
Q

structures that use technologies/approaches to minimize the ecological footprint of their construction and operation

A

green buildings

52
Q

certification program run by the US green building council to promote green building efforts

A

leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) cerification

53
Q

works to develop circular systems in urban areas, akin to those found in nature

A

urban ecology

54
Q

the guarantee of an adequate, safe, nutritious, and reliable food supply available to all people at all times

A

food security

55
Q

receiving fewer calories than the minimum dietary energy requirement

A

undernutrition

56
Q

consuming too many calories each day, leading to unhealthy weight gain

A

overnutrition

57
Q

occurs when a person fails to obtain a complete complement of vitamins and minerals

A

malnutrition

58
Q

raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption

A

agriculture

59
Q

when all plants in a field are genetically similar

A

monocultures

60
Q

introduced new technologies, crop varieties, and farming practices to the developing world

A

green revolution

61
Q

complex system consisting of disintegrating rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms

A

soil

62
Q

continuous mass of solid rock that makes up earth’s crust

A

bedrock

63
Q

portion of the soil that is most nutritive for plants

A

topsoil

64
Q

where more than 10% of productivity is lost as a result of erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, drought, salinization, climate change, water depletion, etc.

A

desertification

65
Q

farmers alternate the type of crop grown in a given field from one season/year to the next

A

crop rotation

66
Q

plowing furrows sideways across a hillside, perpendicular to its slope and following the natural grooves of the land

A

contour farming

67
Q

pays farmers to stop cultivating highly erodible cropland and instead place it in conservation reserves planted with grasses and trees

A

conservation reserve program

68
Q

artificial provision of water to support agriculture

A

irrigation

69
Q

occurs when over-irrigation causes the water table to rise to the poin that water drowns plant roots

A

waterlogging

70
Q

when male sex cells of a plant (pollen) fertilize female sex cells of a plant

A

pollination

71
Q

when scientists directly manipulate an organism’s genetic material in the lab by changing segments of its DNA

A

genetic engineering

72
Q

DNA that has been patched together from the DNA of multiple organisms

A

recombinant DNA

73
Q

organism that contains DNA from another species

A

transgenic organisms

74
Q

the idea that one should not undertake new action until the ramifications of that action are well understood

A

precautionary principle

75
Q

huge warehouses/pens designed to deliver energy-rich food to animals at extremely high densities

A

feedlots

76
Q

cultivation of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments

A

aquaculture

77
Q

agriculture that uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides

A

organic agriculture

78
Q

consumers pay farmers in advance for a share of their yield

A

community-supported agriculute (CSA)

79
Q

accidental capture of nontarget animals

A

bycatch

80
Q

areas of ocean where systems can function without human interference

A

marine protected areas (MPAs)

81
Q

areas where fishing is prohibited

A

marine reserves

ESPM exam 3 (2 decks)

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