Notes 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mutations

A

A change in the DNA of a cell

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2
Q

Types of Mutations

A
  1. Gene Mutations
  2. Chromosome Mutations
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3
Q

Gene Mutations

A

A change in the DNA by altering one or more DNA nucleotides

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4
Q

Substitution

A

A DNA nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide

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5
Q

Framshift

A

The addition or Deletion of a DNA nucleotide causes the DNA to be read out of a sequence

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6
Q

Chromosome Mutations

A

A change in the chromosome structure or number

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7
Q

Deletion

A

A piece of a chromosome breaks off and the information is lossed

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8
Q

Translocation

A

A piece of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a different chromosome

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9
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase causing the cell to have extra or missing chromosomes (causes down syndrome)

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10
Q

Mutagens

A

Environmental factors that cause mutations
(i.e. cigarette smoke, asbestos, chemicals, radiation)

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11
Q

Effects of Mutations

A

May be harmful, helpful, or have no effect(neutral)

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12
Q

Detecting Genetic Disorders

A
  1. Genetic Counseling
    2.Ultrasound
    3.Amniocentesis
  2. Karyotyping
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13
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

Uses pedigrees to predict possible genetic problems

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14
Q

Ultrasound

A

Sound waves produce an image of the fetus showing physical problems

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15
Q

Amniocentesis

A

A sample of amniotic fluid is used to check the baby’s DNA for genetic disorders

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16
Q

Karyotyping

A

A picture of the baby’s chromosomes are taken & the chromosomes are put into homologous pairs to determine if there is a chromosome error