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POLI 410 Class Notes > Notes 2 > Flashcards

Notes 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of political parties?

A

To organise and contest elections

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2
Q

What is the legal status of parties?

A

Organisations sanctioned by law to contest elections

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3
Q

What are the two major types of parties identified in the 20th century?

A
  • Cartel parties
  • Cadre parties
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4
Q

What shift occurred in the legal status of parties in the mid-20th century?

A

Practice –> Law (Courtney):
Election of 1963 with first minority government led to official defining of political parties in terms of:
* Parliamentary procedure
* Media regulations
* The Law
Broadcasting act of 1968 defined:
* Leadership, organization, representation, provincial posting

Amendments to Canada Elections Act made in 1970 and 74

Context: Cartel and Cadre parties arose because of:
* Decline of party identification
* Use of the State as a source of funding by parties

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5
Q

What are the three ways parties received legal recognition in Canada?

A
  • Parliamentary procedure
  • Media regulations
  • The Law
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6
Q

True or False: The law creates the conditions for parties’ behavior.

A

False

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7
Q

What significant political event in 1963 necessitated clarification of what a political party is?

A

The election of 1963 and the formation of a coalition government

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8
Q

What is the new definition of a political party established after the 1963 election?

A

Recognised membership of 12 or more persons in the House of Commons

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9
Q

What are the conditions for a party to be recognized under the Broadcasting Act of 1968?

A
  • Must have a recognised leader
  • Must have a nationwide organisation
  • Must have representation in the House of Commons
  • Must post candidates in at least 3 provinces
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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The law concerning party financing allows parties to justify receiving _______.

A

State funding

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11
Q

What are the conditions for campaign funding eligibility established by the Committee on Electoral Expenses Report of 1966?

A
  • Parties had to register
  • Parties had to assume financial responsibility
  • Candidates must have party affiliation listed on ballots
  • Consent of a regional leader for a candidate to be accepted
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12
Q

What does the legal standing of parties provide them in terms of accountability?

A

Explicit legal standing, making them accountable for their actions

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13
Q

What is the political pragmatism that has guided the codification of parties?

A

The broader politically pragmatic Brokerage party system

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14
Q

In what year did the Liberal Party return to power under Chretien?

A

1993

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15
Q

What significant challenges did the Liberal Party face during Chretien’s tenure?

A
  • Aftermath of QC independence
  • 9/11
  • Iraq and Afghanistan issues
  • Debt and NAFTA
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16
Q

What is the perception of the Liberal Party’s approach to politics?

A

Politically pragmatic/flexible or ideologically vacuous

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17
Q

What does the term ‘intra-party factionalism’ refer to?

A

When one party dominates and internalizes partisan cleavages

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18
Q

What structural aspect of the Liberal Party prevents institutionalized factionalism?

A

Formal organisational distinction between Federal and Provincial parties

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19
Q

What are the three levels of recognition for political parties according to Courtney?

A
  • Recognition in Parliament
  • Recognition by CBC
  • Being registered by the chief electoral officer
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20
Q

What describes the Conservative Party’s historical governance frequency?

A

Relatively rarely in government, only 6 times

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21
Q

What significant change did the Conservative Party undergo in 1942?

A

Renamed to the Progressive-Conservative Party

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22
Q

What led to the fragmentation of the Progressive Conservative Party under Mulroney?

A

Neoliberal policies and the introduction of the GST

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23
Q

What was one major consequence of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords?

A

Fragmentation of the PCP, especially among westerners

24
Q

What was the Reform Party’s stance compared to the PCP?

A

More conservative, pushing for fiscal responsibility and democratic accountability

25
What was the outcome of the Conservative Party's inability to unite with the Reform Party?
Inability to gain widespread national support
26
What led to the reluctance of PCP leaders in the context of the Reform party?
The Reform party originates from Alberta, outside of the traditional base for Conservatives.
27
What was the impact of Joe Clark's leadership on PCP?
Joe Clark was unable to turn around the fate of PCP.
28
What did Wollstonecraft discuss regarding PCP's organizational structure?
Ways PCP tried to overhaul its organisational structure to make it more responsive to its membership.
29
What sentiment characterized the 1990s political landscape in Canada?
The 1990s had a lot of populist sentiment (Bloc Quebecois and Reform).
30
What was the membership change in PCP during the reform drive?
The drive bolstered party membership from 18k to 90k.
31
What tension arose within the PCP as a result of its membership increase?
Tensions between leadership and base because PCP was a cadre party (elite-driven).
32
How did Joe Clark's position as a party elite affect PCP's responsiveness?
Joe Clark was resistant to heeding the base.
33
How did the PCs adjust to electoral reforms in the 60s and 70s?
They were adept at adjusting in terms of campaign financing and funding.
34
How did PCP's fundraising compare to that of the liberals?
PCP had better success at fundraising than the liberals.
35
What strategy did PCP employ to increase fundraising?
Reorganized to get money from individual donations of small amounts.
36
What does the discrete changes theory explain regarding party behavior?
Party behaviour is a reflection of discrete factors such as leadership changes, dominant factions, and elections.
37
What external stimulus influenced the merger of PCP and Reform?
The failure in 1993.
38
What internal policy failures contributed to the merger discussion?
The failure of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords.
39
What was the Reform Party's motivation for merging with PCP?
They didn’t have enough votes to break out of opposition.
40
What did the merger of PCP and Reform aim to achieve in terms of electoral strategy?
To pool resources, giving access to new money and parts of the electorate.
41
What financial condition was PCP facing in 1993?
PCP was going into debt.
42
What political branding effect did the merger have?
It would change the perception of the Canadian Alliance, making their platform more palatable.
43
What does the first-past-the-post system imply for the merger's necessity?
It reflects the difficulty of achieving success in the system.
44
What was a key characteristic of the two parties that made the merger possible?
They were relatively close on the right–left spectrum.
45
What impact did the merger have on conservative parties' function?
They were less adept as functioning as traditional brokerage parties.
46
What is the definition of third parties in the Canadian system?
Political formations that present candidates in elections but fail to obtain one of the two largest blocks of seats.
47
What typically leads to the emergence of minor parties?
Times of crisis.
48
What role do third parties play in the political landscape?
Popularise ideas ignored by traditional parties and provide institutionalised expression for dissenting views.
49
What is a common weakness of third parties?
Limited electoral appeal and success.
50
What challenge do third parties face in maintaining their identity?
Remaining true to ideals while expanding their base.
51
What factors facilitate the emergence of minor parties?
Economic discontent, institutional reasons, cultural factors, and structural patterns.
52
What recent economic condition contributed to the formation of Reform Party and Bloc Quebecois?
The recession of the early 1990s.
53
What was a significant reason for discontent leading to minor parties' emergence?
Issue unresponsiveness of major parties.
54
What is a factor that influences the success of a minor party?
The nature of the minor party’s leadership.
55
What is the significance of strong social ties among disaffected groups for minor parties?
They can potentially form the constituency of the minor party.

POLI 410 Class Notes (5 decks)

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