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PARASITOLOGY 2 > NOTES > Flashcards

NOTES Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body called?

A

Immunology

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2
Q

Define immunity.

A

The state of being resistant to infection

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3
Q

What does immunity involve?

A

Physiological mechanisms that allow recognition of foreign materials and neutralization, elimination, or metabolism of them

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4
Q

What are the two main types of immunity?

A
  • Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
  • Natural/Inate Immunity
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5
Q

List the characteristics of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity.

A
  • Reinforcement
  • Inducibility
  • Specificity
  • Diversity
  • Memory
  • Specialization
  • Self-limitation
  • Discrimination
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6
Q

What type of immunity is present since birth?

A

Natural/Inate Immunity

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7
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A
  • Active Immunity: Produces own antibody
  • Passive Immunity: Receives antibody from another source
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8
Q

What is the primary function of external defense mechanisms in Natural/Innate Immunity?

A

Prevent penetration of microorganisms

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9
Q

Name three types of barriers involved in external defense mechanisms.

A
  • Physical Barriers
  • Mechanical Barriers
  • Chemical Barriers
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10
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfment of cells & particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, & other cells

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11
Q

What are the two types of phagocytosis?

A
  • Indirect Phagocytosis
  • Direct Phagocytosis
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12
Q

What are the major events in inflammation?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Increase in Blood flow
  • Increase in Vascular permeability
  • Diapedesis & Chemotaxis
  • Destruction of Pathogens by Phagocytes
  • Tissue repair
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13
Q

What are the two main lineages of cells in the immune system?

A
  • Myeloid Lineage
  • Lymphoid Lineage
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14
Q

What type of immunity is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen?

A

Acquired/Specific Immunity

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15
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

Production of Lymphocytes

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16
Q

What is the largest primary lymphoid organ?

A

Bone Marrow

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17
Q

What organ is responsible for T-cell maturation?

A

Thymus

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18
Q

What are the parts of the thymus?

A
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Thymic Stromal Cells
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19
Q

What is the largest secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

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20
Q

What are the two types of splenic tissue?

A
  • White Pulp
  • Red Pulp
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21
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filtration & generation of memory B-cell

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22
Q

What are the stages of B-cell differentiation?

A
  • Pro-B Cells
  • Pre-B Cells
  • Immature B-Cells
  • Mature B-Cells
  • Activated B-Cells
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23
Q

What is the role of Interleukin-7 (IL-7) in B-cell development?

A

Necessary for differentiation of common lymphoid precursors against pro-B cells

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24
Q

What is the composition of a B-cell’s surface antibody?

A
  • 2 identical Heavy Chains
  • 2 identical Light Chains
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25
Q

What characterizes activated B-cells?

A

Exhibit CD25 and undergo antigen-dependent activation

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: The body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins is known as _______.

A

Immunity

27
Q

True or False: Natural/Innate Immunity has immunologic memory.

A

False

28
Q

What are Marginal Zone B-cells responsible for?

A

They remain in the spleen to respond quickly to blood-borne pathogens.

29
Q

Where are Follicular B-cells primarily located?

A

They are found constantly recirculating to secondary lymphoid organs.

30
Q

What surface marker do activated B-cells exhibit?

A

CD25.

31
Q

What triggers the antigen-dependent activation of B-cells?

A

When Ag cross-links several surface Ab on the B-cells.

32
Q

What are Plasma Cells primarily responsible for?

A

Producing antibodies.

33
Q

Describe the size and characteristics of Plasma Cells.

A

Size: 10-20 um; Eccentric or oval nucleus; Heavily clumped chromatin; Abundant Endoplasmic Reticulum and clear Golgi zone.

34
Q

What is the lifespan and proliferative ability of Plasma Cells?

A

They are non-dividing, have a short lifespan, and die after producing antibodies.

35
Q

What do Memory Cells do?

A

They respond to Ag with increased speed and intensity.

36
Q

What are the surface markers of Pro-Thymocytes?

A

CD44 and CD25.

37
Q

What is the role of Interleukin-7 (IL-7) in T-cell development?

A

It is necessary at the early developmental stage of T-cells.

38
Q

What is the composition of the T-cell receptor?

A

Composed of 8 polypeptide chains, including CD-3 with 6 polypeptide chains.

39
Q

What do Double Negative Thymocytes lack?

A

CD4 and CD8 antigens.

40
Q

What occurs during Positive Selection in T-cell development?

A

Thymocytes unable to respond to self-MHC Ag die without leaving the Thymus.

41
Q

What happens during Negative Selection of T-cells?

A

Surviving double positive T-cells that react strongly with self-Ag are deleted.

42
Q

What markers do Mature T-cells exhibit?

A

Either CD4 or CD8.

43
Q

What do T-helper cells recognize?

A

Ag along with MHC Class II.

44
Q

What cytokines do Th1 cells produce?

A

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Beta (TNF-β).

45
Q

What is the primary function of T-Cytotoxic Cells?

A

Recognizing Ag along with MHC Class I.

46
Q

What role do T-regulatory cells play?

A

They suppress the immune response to self-antigens.

47
Q

What is the function of Natural Killer Cells?

A

They act as anti-cancer and anti-viral cells.

48
Q

What triggers NK-cell cytotoxicity?

A

The balance between activating and inhibitory signals.

49
Q

What are the components released by NK cells to kill infected cells?

A

Perforins and Granzymes.

50
Q

What is the purpose of density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque?

A

To isolate lymphocytes from whole blood.

51
Q

What is Flow Cytometry used for?

A

To segregate lymphocytes into subsets using labeled monoclonal antibodies.

52
Q

What are the surface markers for T-cells?

A

CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, and CD8.

53
Q

What do fluorescent antibodies do in cell identification?

A

They screen for subpopulations such as B-cells and T-cells.

54
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect immunofluorescence?

A

Direct uses monoclonal antibodies with a fluorescent tag; indirect uses unlabeled Ab combined with a labeled second Ab.

55
Q

What is the Rosette Technique?

A

Mixing isolated lymphocytes with sheep RBC to identify T-cells.

56
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Substances administered with an immunogen to increase immune response.

57
Q

What factors influence the immune response?

A

Age, dose, route of inoculation, health status of the host, genetics.

58
Q

What is Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?

A

A group of closely-linked genes controlling immune cell interactions and responses.

59
Q

What does MHC restriction involve?

A

Recognition of foreign antigen in association with Class I or Class II molecules.

60
Q

What are autoantigens?

A

Antigens that belong to the host.

61
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

A substance capable of eliciting the formation of immunoglobulins or sensitized cells.

62
Q

What is the difference between epitope and hapten?

A

Epitope is the antibody determinant, while hapten is a nonimmunogenic material that creates new antigenic determinants when combined with a carrier.

63
Q

What is the minimum molecular weight for a substance to be classified as an immunogen?

A

> 10,000 D.

64
Q

What methods are used for detecting HLA antigens?

A

Tissue typing, serological approach, cellular approach, and molecular approach.

PARASITOLOGY 2 (7 decks)

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