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Immune Function > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Function of Immune System

A
  • monitors tissue homeostasis
  • protect against foreign substance/organisms
  • eliminate damaged self
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2
Q

What is Immune System

A

intricate set of molecules/proteins, cells and tissues in our body that are interconnected

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3
Q

Immune molecules or proteins

A

Chemokines, cytokokines and complement

  • Attract cells to site of damage and initiate/activate cells for function
    (snitches)
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4
Q

Immune cells

A

Granulocytes (phagocytes), lymphocytes in blood and tissue

  • can directly ingest pathogens (e.g. phagocytes) (policemen)
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5
Q

Immune tissues or organs

A

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes

bone marrow = blood cell production
thymus = production of immune cells
spleen = blood filter in kidney
lymph nodes = filter substance and contains lymphocytes

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6
Q

Inflammation

A

outcome of immunte system responding to infection or energy

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7
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • non specific (rapid response)
  • broad recognition
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8
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • reliant on innate and more specific (takes time)
  • specific pathogens e.g. vaccines
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9
Q

Myeloid Lineage

A
  • rbcs, platelets and granular leukocytes (fight bacterial infections)
  • circulate in blood
    innate immunity
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10
Q

Lymphoid Lineage

A
  • t-cells, b-cells and natural killer cells
  • creation of antibodies
    adaptive immunity
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11
Q

T-cells, B-cells and Natural Killer cells

A

T-cells = cell mediated immunity (attack foreign cells)
B-cells = produce antibodies
NK-cells = detect and destroy cells

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12
Q

RBC and WBC differentiation

A

all cells aside from platelets and erythrocytes, are leukocytes

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13
Q

Non-Self and Altered Self

A

pathogen or tumour

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14
Q

Innate and Adaptive Differences

A

Innate
- cells walls activate neutrophils to engulf and digest bacteria
- complement can form complex to destroy bacteria
- NO MEMORY OF PATHOGEN

Adaptive
- B and T cells will remember exposure e.g. vaccination

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15
Q

Process of Phagocytosis

A
  1. The phagocyte attaches to the pathogen or debris.
  2. The phagocyte extends pseudopods (projections of its cell membrane) to surround and engulf the particles, forming a phagosome (a vesicle containing the engulfed material).
  3. A lysosome (a cell organelle containing enzymes) fuses with the phagosome, creating a phagolysosome.
  4. The enzymes and toxic compounds inside the phagolysosome break down and destroy the pathogens or debris.
  5. Sometimes, the phagocyte expels the remaining indigestible material through exocytosis, a process where the phagolysosome fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell.
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16
Q

Toll-Like Receptors

A

receptors detect and recognise bacteria or foreign substances

17
Q

Maturation of Antibodies

A

Development of antibodies to respond to bacteria
- development of memory cells that can stay for years in case of secondary exposure

18
Q

Inflammation response to sickness or injury

A
  1. recognition = recognise damage to stimulate process
  2. activation = cytokines and chemokines communicate immune response. phagocytes and tissue macrophages to enhance vascularity for recruitment of neutrophils from blood stream
  3. chemotaxis = recruit more cells to change or modify blood flow and permeability vascularity to allow cells to enter tissue
  4. cell to cell communication = direct and indirect means
    causes pain, heat, swelling and redness
19
Q

3 Barriers to Immune System

A
  1. physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, flushing via urination, diarrhea, etc.)
  2. innate immunity (phagocytosis, inflammatory resonse)
  3. adaptive immunity (cellular response w/ T and Cytotoxic T cells and B cells w/ memory B cells and plasma cells/antibodies
20
Q

Thymus Function

A

training centre for T-cells

21
Q

Lymph Node Functions

A

sites for immune interaction

22
Q

Leucoytosis

A

increase of white blood cells (mostly neutrophils) after exercise

23
Q

J-Shape Curve

A

shows risk of upper respiratory tract infection
- 40-50% decrease in risk during moderate exercise but 2-6fold increase during heavy exertion

24
Q

Benefits of Moderate Exercise

A
  • reduced systemic inflammation
  • augmented immuno-surveillance against pathogens and cancer cells
  • neutrophils stimulate other cells
25
Q

Heavy Exercise

A

increase in transient immune dysfunction risk

26
Q

Benefit for exercise for elderly

A

can mitigate aging effects on immune function

27
Q
A

Immune Function (2 decks)

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