NOTES

Question 1

2 parts of digestive system

Answer 1

alimentary canal and associated OR digestive glands

Question 2

2 processes of digestion

Answer 2

mechanical + biochemical

Question 3

explain the alimentary canal

Answer 3

⬛mouth
⬛pharynx
⬛gullet - opening of food pipe (glottis nearby with epiglottis)
⬛oesophagus
⬛gastro-oesophagal sphincter
⬛stomach - FCBP (fundic-cardiac-body-pyloric)
⬛small intestine
⚫duodenum - c shaped
⚫jejunum - long coiled
⚫ileum - highly coiled
⬛large intestine
⚫caecum - blind sac, has symbiotic microorganisms, has vermiform appendix
⚫colon - ascending transverse descending sigmoid
⚫rectum
⬛anus

Question 4

mouth leads to

Answer 4

buccal cavity or oral cavity

Question 5

types of oral cavity

Answer 5

proper - soft pallette, hard pallette, pharynx, teeth
vestibule

Question 6

types of teeth definition

Answer 6

thecodont - teeth embedded in jaw socket

diphyodont - temporary and permanent teeth

heterodont - I C PM M

Question 7

dental formula

Answer 7

I C PM M
2 1 2 3

Question 8

tounge is attached to the oral cavity by

Answer 8

frenellum

Question 9

upper surface of the tongue has ___ some of which bears ___

Answer 9

pappilae, taste buds

Question 10

parts of transverse section of the alimentary canal

Answer 10

⬛serosa - mesothelium+connective tissue
⬛muscularis - smooth muscles, inner circular outer longitudinal, some regions have oblique muscle layer
⬛sub mucosa - loose connective tissue, has nerves blood vessels and lymph vessels, IN DUODENUM glands are present called brunner’s glands
⬛ mucosa - secrete mucus

Question 11

mucosa in stomach and small intestine

Answer 11

stomach - mucosal infolding called rugae, has gastric glands below it

small intestine - villi (finger like), microvilli (brush bodered & secrete succus entericus), crypts of leiburkhn, blood capillary, lacteals or lymph vessels (only wbc present)

Question 12

digestive glands types

Answer 12

salivary glands - saliva
liver - bile
pancreas - pancreatic juice (exo) & hormones (endo)

Question 13

types of salivary glands

Answer 13

parotid gland - cheek
sub mandibular or sub maxillary
sublingual - below tongue

Question 14

parts of liver

Answer 14

liver - 2 hepatic lobes - hepatic lobules (structural and functional unit of liver) (covered by gilsson capsule made of connectuve tissue) - hepatic cells (secrete bile into gall bladder) - gall bladder - store bile

Question 15

largest gland?
weight?
location?

Answer 15

liver
1.2kg to 1.5kg
abdominal cavity

Question 16

bio macromolecules TO bio micromolecules process

Answer 16

hydrolysis

Question 17

enzyme that increase the speed of digestion

Answer 17

hydrolase

Question 18

digestion starts at

Answer 18

mouth

Question 19

digestion ends at

Answer 19

ileum

Question 20

absorption takes place from __ to __

Answer 20

mouth to large intestine

Question 21

max digestion takes place in

Answer 21

small intestine

Question 22

max absorption takes place in

Answer 22

jujenum and ileum

Question 23

gastric glands secretions

Answer 23

⬛ mucus neck cells - mucus
⬛peptic or chief cells - pepsinogen (converted to pensin by HCl)
⬛ parietal or oxyntic cells - HCl (pH 1.8) and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption

Question 24

what protect stomach from HCl

Answer 24

mucus and bicarbonate secreted by gastric glands

Question 25

rennin?
secreted by?
function?

Answer 25

proteolytic enzyme
gastric juice
digestion of milk proteins in infants

Question 26

enterokinase fxn

Answer 26

trypsinogen to trypsin (activate other enzyme)

Question 27

bolus? chyme?

Answer 27

masticated food + saliva = bolus
bolis in stomach + gastric enzymes + churning movement of muscles = chyme

Question 28

stomach stores food for ___ hours

Answer 28

4 to 5 hours

Question 29

enzyme used to convert trypsinogen to trypsin

Answer 29

enterokinase

Question 30

molecule that activate other enzymes

Answer 30

trypsin

Question 31

components of bile

Answer 31

bile pigments - bilerubin, bileviridin
bile salts
cholesterol
phospholipid
NO ENZYMES

Question 32

nature of gastric juice and pancreatic juice

Answer 32

gastric juice - acidic
pancreatic juice - alkaline

Question 33

absorption types

Answer 33

⬛simple diffusion - no energy
glucose, AA, Cl-

⬛facilitated transport - no energy BUT carrier proteins needed
glucose AA

⬛active transport - energy required
glucose AA Na+

Question 34

materials absorbed in mouth, stomach, SI and LI

Answer 34

mouth - some drugs
stomach - water alcohol simple sugar
SI - max
LI - water minerals drugs

Question 35

jaundice?
reason?

Answer 35

yellow appearance of eyes skin
defect in liver - deposition of bilerubin

Question 36

vomiting reason?

Answer 36

reflex action of medulla

Question 37

vomit center

Answer 37

medulla

Question 38

diarrhea consequence

Answer 38

reduces absorption of food

Question 39

constipation

Answer 39

faeces retain in rectum as the bowel movements occur irregularly

Question 40

indigestion resons

Answer 40

inadequate enzyme secretion
anxiety
food poisoning
over eating
spicy food

Question 41

PEM?
eg?

Answer 41

protien energy malnutrition
kwashiorkarr and murasmus

Question 42

kwashiorkarr

Answer 42

protein low
energy normal
found in children more than 1 year
fat is left - results in oedema, swelling

Question 43

murasmus

Answer 43

protein and energy low
children less than 1 year
due to very early 2nd pregnancy

Question 44

emulsification of fat

Answer 44

insoluble fatty acid + glycerol - bile (emulsify) - miscells - protein coat hoti hai- chylomicrons - transported to lymph vessels - then to blood