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Globalisation > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What does globalisation involve:

A

Widening (new links between places greater distances apart) & deepening (more people connect with far away places)

  • global connections
  • interdependence
  • flows (commodities, capital, info, migrants, tourists)
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2
Q

TNCs

A

Firms operating in more than 1 country

Transnational corporations

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3
Q

Positives effects of globalisation

A
  • competition between big companies (lowers consumer prices, better quality goods/services, new ideas)
  • foreign talent (football players) (migrants get a chance, more competitive, better players)
  • better tech (connect & communicate with part of world easily)
  • specialisation & division of labour between countries (more efficient & productive)
  • goods can be transported anywhere around the world (online shopping)
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4
Q

Negative effects of globalisation

A
  • greater divide / gap between wealthy and poor
  • resources channelled to particular parts of the world = inequality
  • foreign competition drives smaller companies out of the market
  • countries become inner-connected = increased dependency on other countries = economies more vulnerable
  • trade wars between countries, political tension (China & USA)
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5
Q

Positives of economic or political organisations (IMF WTO/World Bank)

A

Contributed to globalisation through
- promotion of free trade policies & FDI

Positives:

  • country can invest in healthcare, education
  • can recover economy, attract FDI
  • privatising loss-making companies = less gov money invested, more to spend on country
  • devalued rupee = exports become cheaper & more competitive to foreign buyers
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6
Q

FDI (foreign direct investment)

A

= ownership of a business in 1 country by an organisation based in another

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7
Q

Key players in the acceleration of globalisation (economic liberalisation)

A
  • national governments
  • EU (European union)
  • TNCs
  • international political and economic organisations (WTO, IMF, World Bank)
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8
Q

How have national governments encouraged globalisation

A
  • promote free trade blocs
    More customers/imports/exports = increased flows between countries (goods, people, money, ideas)
    Eg. EU, ASEAN
  • policies (free market liberalisation, privatisation, encouraging business start ups)
  • invest in transport infrastructure (railways, airports)
  • less visa/travel requirements
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9
Q

What policies by the national gov encourage/accelerate globalisation?

A
  • free market liberalisation (gov removed price controls, encouraging local & national competition)
  • privatisation of nationalised industries (encourages new companies to compete)
  • encouraging startup businesses (SEZ, encourage TNC investment)
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10
Q

Positives for TNCs being part of a trade bloc

A
  • bigger market (cheaper to source materials)
  • firms merge together (lower costs, higher profits, more investment)
  • protected from foreign competition outside of trade bloc (customers buy more locally)
  • influence global trade (non-members seek to invest to open access to markets in trade bloc)
  • leads to specialisation within industries (more efficient production & trade)
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11
Q

Negatives for TNCs being part of a trade bloc

A
  • have to join treaties (climate change)
  • increased interdependence = economic problems in 1 country heavily affects others
  • have to comprise (compete with foreign companies, lower prices = less profit)
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12
Q

What has contributed to the spread of globalisation into new global regions

A
  • special economic zones (SEZ)
  • government subsidies (to aid unprofitable businesses, incentives eg. Electric cars)
  • attitude to FDI (TNCs)
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13
Q

How do nation states drive globalisation

A
  • gov subsidies increase business success & profit
  • gov accelerates trade through creating SEZ = attracts FDI and develops supply chains
  • gov welfare spending & investment in transport infrastructure = better trade, attracts workers
  • provide leadership & political stability which attracts FDI
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14
Q

why don’t national states drive globalisation

A
  • trade blocs (WTO) allow easier trade without tariffs = more flows
  • physical geography (location) & natural resources can attract TNCs & workers (near coast, capital city)
  • successful local companies attract foreign TNCs
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15
Q

Forms of FDI

A
  • Offshoring: the transfer of all/part of the production of goods/services to another country with the intention to re-import them to the home country
  • Outsourcing: production of a good/service through a contract from an outside supplier (training of workers & partnership)
  • Privatisation: government owned business, operation, or property becomes owned by a private, non-government party
  • Foreign mergers: combination of 2 or more companies to share resources in order to achieve common objectives
  • Foreign acquisition: acquire(buy) businesses that already exist
  • Transfer pricing: methods which determine the price for trading in goods/services between related companies
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16
Q

What indicators & indices are used to measure the degree of globalisation

A
  • AT Kearney index

- KOF index

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17
Q

AT Kearney index

A
  • US management consultancy
  • only 64 countries

Measures:

  • business activity
  • human capital
  • info exchange
  • cultural experience
  • political engagement
  • personal contact
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18
Q

KOF index

A
  • measured since 1970
  • 158 countries
    Judges how well countries are socially, politically, economically linked to each other
  • tourism
  • communication
  • trade
  • FDI & socio political processes
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19
Q

Role of TNCs in globalisation

A

Contribute to its spread

  • global production networks
  • globalisation
  • development of new markets (new supply chains = increased imports/exports (trade))

Take advantage of of economic liberalisation

  • outsourcing
  • offshoring
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20
Q

Glocalisation

A

Adapt goods & services to appeal to local customers (religion, laws, local interest)

Through:

  • Local regulations / restrictions
  • trade blocs (source & sell locally, reduces import tariffs)
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21
Q

Economic liberalisation

A

The lessening of gov regulations & restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities, boosting economic growth & efficiency

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22
Q

Outsourcing

A

Transferring work to another company (avoid cost of repeating something another company is doing)

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23
Q

Offshoring

A

Move operations to another country (cheap labour in china, India, legal child labour)

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24
Q

Reasons why some locations remain largely ‘switched off’ from globalisation

A
  • land-locked (less trade, lack of communication, reliance on neighbouring countries)
  • political corruption & instability (gov) (AQMB)
  • low literacy rates (weak education systems)
  • lack of transport infrastructure (less trade & workers)
  • lack of TNC interest / FDI (no market, lack of skilled workers & resources)
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25
Q

What is happening in manufacturing that is not good for the western world

A

The movement of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia via the global shift of manufacturing (China/Bangladesh)

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26
Q

What leads to changes in the built environment

A
  • outsourcing of services (India, Dhaka)
  • global shift of manufacturing (China/Bangladesh)
  • cultural erosion (loss of language, food, music, traditions)
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27
Q

Benefits of changes in the built environment (outsourcing)

A
  • infrastructure investment
  • waged work
  • poverty reduction
  • education & training
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28
Q

Costs of changing the built environment (outsourcing)

A
  • loss of productive land
  • unplanned settlements
  • environmental & resource pressure
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29
Q

What environment problems have some communities in developing countries experienced:

A
  • air & water pollution
  • land degradation
  • over-exploitation of resources
  • loss of biodiversity
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30
Q

What are the moral issues with outsourcing (Dhaka, Bangladesh)

A
  • building collapsed (no building regulations)
  • many killed / trapped
  • overcrowded workplace
  • ignore safety conditions
  • exploited workers didn’t contest (too vulnerable)
  • little gov intervention (corruption, lack of budget / time)
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31
Q

Benefits from global shift of manufacturing to Asia

A
  • 750 companies on stock exchange
  • Asian highway network
  • British council helps schools teach uk qualifications (improves literacy rates)
  • millions have migrated for work opportunities in secondary sector
  • less people living on $1.25 per day
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32
Q

Costs of global shift of manufacturing to Asia (social/environmental)

A

Environmental:

  • 100,000 hectares of agricultural land lost per year due to development projects
  • slum settlements expand quickly
  • rivers filled by sand & garbage causes flooding
  • inadequate infrastructure (traffic congestion rises)
  • clothing factories operate without environmental clearance certificates (wastewater, exploitation of resources, high levels of pollution)
  • slums cause health issues (cholera disease, air pollution, poor sanitation)

Social:

  • child labour taking place on large scale
  • rapid rate of urbanisation = poverty / unemployment / poor public health care / overcrowding
33
Q

Deindustrialised regions

A

Regions moving away from secondary sector, decline of manufacturing in developed countries

34
Q

Deindustrialised region example

A

Scunthorpe, England

  • 2,200 jobs lost
  • future ghost town ?
  • 90% decline in UK iron / steel
35
Q

Social / environmental problems deindustrialised regions face as a result of economic restructuring

A

Social:

  • dereliction (areas of city abandoned)
  • depopulation
  • crime
  • high unemployment

Environmental:
- contamination

36
Q

Spiral of decline (deindustrialised regions)

A
  • old factories close
  • land becomes derelict
  • unemployment, jobs lost
  • people leave inner city (depopulation)
  • fewer services needed, shops / schools close
  • more jobs lost as incomes reduce
  • counter-urbanisation (people leave)
  • elderly or low-income groups stay
  • area becomes more run down as lack of investment
  • more crime & vandalism (lack of hope, self-esteem)
  • reduced quality of life (mental health issues)
37
Q

Megacity

A

City with a total population of more than 10 million people

38
Q

What is responsible for the growth of Megacities (rapid urban growth)

A
  • Rural-Urban Migration
  • natural increase causes city growth
  • transport / tech improvements aid migration
39
Q

Push & pull factors of rural-urban migration

A

Push factors:

  • rural overpopulation
  • disasters
  • more crime

Pull factors:

  • jobs
  • good healthcare
  • good education
40
Q

Example of rapid urban growth (Karachi, Pakistan)

A
  • capital of Pakistan (developing country)
  • 6th most populated city in world
  • primate city (dominant)
41
Q

Karachi, Pakistan impacts of rural urban growth (economic & social)

A

Economic:

  • formal economy estimated to be worth $113 bn in 2014
  • generates 20% of Pakistan’s GDP
  • centre of trade & commerce attracting TNCs
  • higher income levels

Social:

  • murder rate decreased 75%
  • BUT 90% young people dont see opportunities here
  • militant groups controlling city
42
Q

What has international migration increasing caused

A
  • deepening interdependence between regions (elite Russian oligarchs to London)
  • mass low wage economic migration (low wage European migrants to London)
43
Q

economic benefits and costs of migration for host location (London)

A

+ filled labour & skill shortages (more taxpaying workers)
+ migrants contribute to economy as consumers
+ some migrants are entrepreneurs = create new businesses = new jobs
+ EU migrants willing to work for low wages, long hours, dangerous conditions (fills jobs locals reluctant to do)
+ attracts ‘international elite’ (bankers, programmers, health professionals) = larger, more diverse economy

  • rent increases = unaffordable for locals
  • migration can increase unemployment as not enough jobs for no of people
  • increased informal sector (underground economy)
  • migrants send remittances back to home country (no increased consumerism)
44
Q

social benefits and costs of migration for host location (London)

A

+ create/expand bridge header communities = more cultural diversity
+ migrants usually have children = offset / support ageing population
+ more taxpayers contributing to NHS & education

  • social tensions arise as some citizens believe migration = loss of jobs & housing
  • local shortages of primary school places
  • cultural changes might upset locals
  • need for extra health services, education, housing in concentrated areas
45
Q

Political benefits and costs of migration for host location (London)

A

+ create alliances with countries (Russia, Europe)
+ more taxpayers = provide gov with money to spend on welfare & reinvest in country

  • political parties change policies to address public concerns (reduce migration), tension between parties
46
Q

environmental benefits & costs of migration for host country (London)

A

+ EU low wage migrants have less disposable income = tend to use less energy (produce less waste)

  • more transport congestion = more pollution = breathing difficulties = lower quality of life
47
Q

Economic benefits and costs of migration for source location (Russia, EU)

A

+ reduction of workforce balanced by remittances, contribute to national earnings (EU)
+ reduced unemployment & overcrowding in sectors
+ less consumers in market = reduced prices, lower wage locals benefit
+ fewer workers so wages rise & new job opportunities for other groups (women)

  • skills shortages in key areas of economy (doctors, teachers = less innovation)
  • reduced economic growth as consumption falls
48
Q

Social benefits and costs of migration for source location (Russia / EU)

A

+ returning migrants bring professional, social, political experience (children)
+ hospitals & schools less overcrowded = better quality of life

  • demographic imbalance as young people migrate (ageing population)
  • depopulation may lead to dereliction & decline of urban environments
  • closure of urban services & entertainment as low population to sustain
  • loss of culture / community
49
Q

Political benefits and costs of immigration for source location (Russia / EU)

A

+ reduced pressure on welfare spending
+ some gov spending costs (education) transferred to host region

  • loss of key workers at gov expense (doctors, teachers)
  • loss of tax revenue = reduced gov spending on welfare
50
Q

Environment benefits and costs of immigration for source location (Russia / EU)

A

+ less jobs = less manufacturing = less waste & pollution = between quality of life

  • depopulation may lead to dereliction = environmental not cared for
51
Q

Cultural erosion

Parts of cultural erosion

A

Loss of

  • language
  • traditional food
  • music
  • clothes
  • social relations

Cultural diffusion = spread of beliefs & social activities of aspects of culture to different nationalities etc (olympics)

Cultural dilution / erosion = local cultures become less pronounced as they are influenced by foreign cultures

52
Q

What has cultural erosion resulted in

A
  • changes to built & natural environment
  • de-valuing local & larger-scale ecosystems

Eg. Loss of tribal lifestyles in Papua New Guinea

53
Q

Role of globalisation & TNCs in cultural erosion

A
  • TNCs bring new products / services / western ideas
  • joining up of global production chains = loss of habits
  • expansion of international capitalism & emergence of global culture
  • Economic growth becomes primary goal & social value lost
54
Q

Why has opposition to globalisation occurred and from who

A

concern about

  • cultural impacts
  • economic & environment exploitation

From:

  • Pro and anti-globalisation groups
  • Environmental movements
55
Q

Reasons for & against concern of cultural impacts

A
  • younger members exposed to new ideas(social media), created tension with elders
  • political clashes (opposing views)

+ might get hybrid cultural communities
+ removing communities might preserve culture
+ some cultures can resist westernisation

56
Q

Amount of tension / opposition from cultural impacts can depend on:

A
  • access to globalisation vs amount of censorship (suppression)
  • time of exposure to globalisation
  • age structure of community
  • if alternative views are embraced
  • might be other cultures, not westernisation (Bollywood, Anime, Buddhism)
57
Q

The cultural continuum (differing responses to cultural diversity & change)

A

Hybridism / melting pot: adopts & absorbs new migrant values (positive view of American culture)

Pluralism: Eu nations tolerate equal rights for all migrants to practice their religious / cultural beliefs

‘Citizenship’ testing: UK rules for migrants becoming stricter in reaction to popular concerns over immigration

Assimilation: belief that minor traits should disappear as immigrants adopt host values

Internet censorship: preventing citizens from learning other global viewpoints using online sources (china)

Religious intolerance: Lower levels of religious freedom for minority groups (Iran)

Closed door to migration: stopping any immigration for fears of cultural dilution (cambodia)

58
Q

What does the Gini Coefficient measure

A

trends in widening income inequality (globally & nationally)

59
Q

What does trends in widening income inequality suggest

A

Globalisation has created winner and losers for

  • people
  • physical environments

Between & within all countries

60
Q

Why has globalisation created inequalities (winners & losers)

A
  • some people take advantage of free trade, leads to increased salaries & profits (winner)
  • some people lose jobs with shifting patterns of production (change of sectors away from primary) (loser)
  • investment from TNCs creates cheap labour for locals & high tech jobs in quaternary sector for more educated = income gap
61
Q

Relationship between HDI and Gini coefficient

A

HDI = human development index
Gini coeffict = level of inequality

High HDI = low Gini (more developed = less inequality)
Low HDI = high Gini (less developed = more inequality)

As more developed countries have less unemployment and more jobs in the formal sector with minimum wages and policies to stop low wages and taxes

62
Q

Migrant diasporas

A

Communities of migrants that have arrived in new countries

63
Q

What has created culturally mixed societies & thriving diasporas in some locations
But also tension elsewhere (extremism)

A
  • open borders (enables free movement of ppl between countries with few / no restrictions)
  • deregulation (removing gov legislation & laws in particular market to encourage competition)
  • encouragement of FDI
64
Q

Extremism

A

Viewpoints that dont acknowledge alternatives, can result in aggressive behaviour

Eg. rise of extremism in Europe

65
Q

Causes of social / political tension in Germany

A
  • aim for 800,000 refugees in 2015
  • different states have different acceptance quotes expected by federal gov
  • large migrant diaspora (1 million post 2015)
66
Q

Social tension in Germany as a result of lots of migration

A

Extremists:

  • more than 13,000 extremist crimes in 2015
  • personal protection spending growing (knives) due to increased crime (labelling all immigrants as criminals)
  • concern about influence of different sects (different religious beliefs = racism, segregation within communities)
  • protests
67
Q

Political tension in Germany as a result of lots of migration

A

Extreme right wing parties (AfD - alternative for Germany)

  • concerns about social decline / cultural alienation
  • opposes European Union & immigration
  • 3rd largest party in 2017
  • factions of racist, Islamiphobic, antisemitic, xenophobic tendencies
  • caused ‘political earthquake’ - protests, tension between other political parties
  • growth of nationalist groups (anti-EU)
  • anti-globalisation groups
  • environmental action groups (green peace)
68
Q

Why is radicalisation an understanding response

A
  • some citizen may feel unsafe (women, sexual abuse = buy protective weapons)
  • new migrants with some skills create competition for jobs (loss of income for vulnerable workers)
  • immigration may spiral out of control, sudden cultural, economic, political changes = confusion & lots of opposing views
69
Q

Why is radicalisation not an understanding response

A
  • cant generalise all immigrants as criminals due to actions of a few (segregation, discrimination)
  • religious intolerance (minority groups may have little freedom, unfair)
  • can lead to unneeded social & political tension (dangerous)
70
Q

What do some groups do to retain their cultural identity within countries

Example:

A
  • retain control of culture & physical resources

Eg. First Nations in Canada (indigenous people impacted by economic & social & environmental liberalisation in Canada - free movement)

71
Q

First Nations, Canada culture:

A
  • aboriginal people of Canada
  • 634 recognised communities
  • spans 1000 years
  • run their own schools, health boards, towns
    Priority = protection of rights & culture
72
Q

Negatives of stopping development to retain cultural identity

A
  • stunts economic growth
  • limited opportunity
  • poorer education for young people
  • degraded environment
  • health problems, ageing population
73
Q

What do local groups & NGOs promote as a response to globalisation

A

local sourcing / localism (transition towns / coffee sourcing) by increasing sustainability
= support:
- local production & consumption of goods
- local gov control
- production of local culture & history

74
Q

Ethical concerns created by globalisation

A
  • industrial / transport companies have high CO2 emissions & create pollution
  • exploitation of workers
  • corruption endemic in some countries (weaknesses in organisations / gov)
  • sub-contracting brings weak governance (sweatshirt shops)
  • factories based in developing countries (offshoring) have less stringent health & safety & environmental laws
75
Q

What does recycling do

Definition

A
  • manage resource consumption
  • reduce ecological footprints (electricity consumption, greenhouse gas production)

= manufactured goods are refused instead of being sent to landfill

76
Q

The circular economy

A
  • another approach to reducing ecological footprint
  • shifts cost of production / waste from consumers to manufacturers involved in supply chain

Eg. Leasing = ppl borrow but dont own products

77
Q

Pros & cons of circular economy

A

+ provide incentives for care, consumers take responsibility
+ build using durable materials / replaceable parts
+ reduce emissions (lower tax)
+ use cheaper materials / recycle parts = reduces cost & increases market
+ encourage customers to upgrade & pass cards on

  • mechanics might lost jobs / need to retrain
  • might only work for richer people
78
Q

Local plans / authorities / NGOs in UK that encourage recycling

A

Local Agenda 21:

  • aim for sustainable development
  • established in 1992
  • banned free plastic bags, encouraged reuse of bags when shopping

Keep Britain Tidy

  • NGO to reduce litter, improve local places & prevent waste
  • founded 1960

Globalisation (2 decks)

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