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Digestion Unit > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

The body uses a variety of small molecules such as _________, ___________, and __________ for its metabolic needs

A

Amino acids, fatty acids, glucose

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2
Q

Food is mechanically and chemically broken down into these molecules during __________

A

Digestion

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3
Q

After digestion they can be taken up by body cells through the separate process of __________

A

Absorption

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4
Q

Food travels in a ________________ from mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

A

One way direction

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5
Q

Organs and structures in the digestive system are made for __________ functions in digestion

A

Specific

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6
Q

Digestive enzymes are specific ____________ enzymes that have an optimal functioning temperature and pH

A

Hydrolytic

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7
Q

Proper _______ is necessary to health

A

Digestion

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8
Q

Digestion is the __________ and _________ breaking down of ingested food into particles then into molecules small enough to move through epithelial cells and into the internal environment

A

Mechanical and chemical

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9
Q

Mechanical digestion uses ______ and _________ to physically break down food into smaller pieces, this precedes chemical digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical

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10
Q

Why would mechanical digestion occur before chemical digestion

A

To increase surface area, thus allowing increased reaction rate

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11
Q

Chemical digestion uses __________ enzymes to break down macromolecules into unit molecules

A

Hydrolytic

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12
Q

Absorption is the passage of digested ________ from the gut lumen into the blood or lymph , which distributes them through the body

A

Nutrients

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13
Q

Elimination of the explosion of indigestible materials such as _______ from The Body

A

Fiber

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14
Q

Indigestion, proteins are broken down into ___________, carbohydrates into simple sugars, fat into ________________ and glycerol, and nucleic acid’s to nucleotides

A

Amino acids

Fatty acids

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15
Q

Digestion is an _________ process. What type of transport is needed for the hydrolytic enzymes to be excreted out of the cell that produces them

A

Extracellular. Transport type is exocytosis

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16
Q

Extra cellular process means:

A

Enzymes are excreted out of cells

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17
Q

The mouth is divided into an anterior hard palate which contains ________ ________, and a posterior soft palate which is composed of ______ _______

A

Several bones

Muscle tissue

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18
Q

The three functions of the mouth are:

A

It receives food, it does the mechanical digestion of food, and it does the chemical digestion of starch

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19
Q

The three salivary gland‘s are:

A

Parotid which is below the ears, sublingual which is below the tongue, and submandibular which is under the lower jaw

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20
Q

Saliva consist of ______, _____, and a _________ __________ called salivary amylase which functions to break down starch into maltose

A

Water, mucus, and a hydrolytic enzyme

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21
Q

Chewed up food is called a ________

A

Bolus

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22
Q

After the food has been chewed, it is then passed through the back of the mouth when you swallow. The first region that it enters is called the ________________

A

Nasopharynx

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23
Q

Nasopharynx is simply the region between the mouth and esophagus where ______ food and air meet

A

Chewed

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24
Q

Swallowing is a reflex action, which means it requires no __________ _________

A

Conscious thought

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25
Q

It is impossible to breathe and swallow at the same time because……

A

When you swallow the following happens in order to block air passages

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26
Q

The _____ palate moves back to cover openings to nose(nasopharyngeal openings)

A

Soft

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27
Q

The ______ covers the internal nares when swallowing

A

Uvula

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28
Q

When swallowing The trachea moves up in a flap of tissue called the ________ which prevents food from entering the respiratory tract

A

Epiglottis

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29
Q

The _________ is a long and muscular smooth muscle

A

Esophagus

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30
Q

Esophagus is lined with mucus membrane, for the lubrication of the _______ being swallowed

A

Bolus

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31
Q

The oesophagus has a circular and longitudinal muscle for _______, which is a rhythmic contraction of the esophagus muscles.

A

Peristalsis

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32
Q

If peristalsis occurs when there is no food in the esophagus you’ll feel that there is a ______ in your throat

A

Lump

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33
Q

What is reverse peristalsis

A

Vomiting

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34
Q

Food bolus reaches the end of the oesophagus and arrives at the ________ ________ connecting to the stomach

A

Cardiac sphincter

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35
Q

What are the three functions of the stomach

A

Temporary food storage (2 to 6 hours), mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins

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36
Q

The stomach has folds called ________ that can stretch to hold 2 L of food

A

Rugae

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37
Q

The stomach has three layers of muscle that contracts to _____ and _____ it’s content. It is the mechanical digestion

A

Churn and mix

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38
Q

Hunger pains are felt when an empty stomach ______

A

Churns

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39
Q

The mucus lining of the stomach contains inner _______ ________ which produce gastric juice

A

Gastric glands

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40
Q

One component of gastric juice is pepsinogen, or pepsin. Which is active and which is inactive

A

Pepsinogen is inactive and pepsin is active

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41
Q

Three components of gastric juice are:

A

Pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid, mucus

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42
Q

Hydrochloric acid activates ______

A

Pepsin

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43
Q

Mucus protects the stomach lining from _____ and ______

A

HCL and Pepsin

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44
Q

Why is it important to keep pepsin in its inactive form when there’s no food in the stomach

A

If active it will begin digesting the stomach wall which is made of proteins

45
Q

What is an ulcer

A

An open sore in the stomach lining

46
Q

How does an ulcer form

A

Caused by too much HCL and not enough mucus produced. Often associated with a bacterial infection of thyplori

47
Q

After 2 to 6 hours, depending on the type of food, the food has turned into a semi liquid food mass which is called _______

A

Chyme

48
Q

After the food has turned into a semi liquid food mass called chyme , the stomach empties into the first part of the small intestine called the ________

A

Duodenum

49
Q

The emptying of the chime into the duodenum is controlled by the _______ sphincter at the bottom of the stomach

A

Pyloric

50
Q

What are the two functions of the small intestine

A

The functions are to complete the chemical digestion of proteins carbohydrates and lipids, and the absorption of the unit molecules into blood or lymph

51
Q

What is the total length of the small intestine

A

6 meters

52
Q

What is the name of the three sections of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, illium

53
Q

The duodenum is the first ____ cm of the small intestine

A

25

54
Q

The ____________ is what receives chyme and gastric juice, and it is the site of major chemical digestion of proteins carbohydrates and lipids

A

Duodenum

55
Q

__________ and _________ work towards the completion of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into circulatory or lymphatic system

A

Jejunum and ileum

56
Q

Walls of the duodenum and small intestine are lined with millions of _________ glands that produce juices containing enzymes that finish the digestion of protein and starch

A

Interstitial

57
Q

Secretions from the interstitial glands contain digestive enzymes: peptidase digest proteins to ______________, maltase digests maltose to ______

A

Amino acids

Glucose

58
Q

Microvilli are…

A

Folds of cell membrane

59
Q

What is the name of the fingerlike projections that are the convoluted lining of the small intestine

A

Villi

60
Q

The ________ of the small intestine is well related to its function of absorption

A

Structure

61
Q

The small intestine is long with convoluted walls to increase ________ area

A

Surface

62
Q

The surface area of the small intestine is further increased by the presence of fingerlike projections called

A

Villi

63
Q

_________ glands are at the base of each villi

A

Interstitial

64
Q

Villi themselves are lined with columnar cells coated with ________

A

Mucus

65
Q

Each villus contains ______ vessels and _______ vessels

A

Blood

Lymph

66
Q

_________ takes place across the wall of each villus

A

Absorption

67
Q

Absorption can take place both ________ or ________, meaning either with or without ATP

A

Passively or actively

68
Q

There a __________ capillaries/lacteals per square inch of the intestine

A

25,000

69
Q

Lacteals are the same as ______ vessels

A

Lymph

70
Q

_______ vessels are the same as capillaries

A

Blood

71
Q

Amino acids and sugars are absorbed across the villi, then are recombined into macromolecules in the __________ cells of the villus

A

Epithelial

72
Q

After the macromolecules are formed in the epithelial cells of the villus, the fats then move into the lacteals of each villus and enter the __________ system

A

Lymphatic

73
Q

Sugars and amino acids enter into the blood through the ________ networks

A

Capillary

74
Q

The blood vessels from the villi in the small intestine merged to form the ______ _______ _________which leads to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein

75
Q

The liver produces ______ which is sent to the duodenum

A

Bile

76
Q

Bile is a thick ______ liquid that is produced by the liver

A

Green

77
Q

Bile is stored in the ________

A

Gallbladder

78
Q

Bile contains bile salts which break fat into small ___________

A

Droplets

79
Q

Why are fat droplets better than whole fat

A

More surface area for lipase to break down fat

80
Q

The pancreatic juice enters the duodenum through the pancreatic _____

A

Duct

81
Q

How many components of pancreatic juice are there

A

2

82
Q

One component of pancreatic juice is hydrolytic enzymes. Some examples are pancreatic amylase, which breaks down starch, Lipase breaks down lipids, Trypsin which breaks down proteins, nuclease which breaks down nucleic acid’s, and nucleotidase which breaks down nucleotides

A

No answer just read

83
Q

Another component of pancreatic juice is sodium bicarbonate. The pH of sodium bicarbonate is…

A

8.5

84
Q

Sodium bicarbonate neutralize _________ acid so that enzymes are at optimal pH

A

Stomach

85
Q

The large intestine consists of the ______ and ________

A

Colon and rectum

86
Q

The rectum is The last ___ cm of colon

A

20

87
Q

The opening of the rectum is called the…

A

Anus

88
Q

The _______ sphincter is a circular muscle that you can learn to control

A

Anal

89
Q

Potty training is an example of learning to control your _______ ___________

A

Anal sphincter

90
Q

Function of the rectum is to store _______ until elimination

A

Feces

91
Q

The large intestine is responsible for the ____________ of water, approximately 95%, from indigestible food matter

A

Reabsorbtion

92
Q

The large intestine is also responsible for the absorption of certain _______

A

Nutrients

93
Q

Faeces also contain bile pigments, heavy metals, and billions of _________

A

E.Coli

94
Q

The bacteria from E. coli helps us break down some indigestible food, and in the process produce some……

A

Vitamins

95
Q

Faeces is made mostly of cellulose(_______), not bacteria

A

Fibre

96
Q

Diarrhoea is when there is too much ______ that is expelled in the faeces

A

Water

97
Q

Diarrhoea is usually caused by a _________________, which can be in food or polluted water for example, or stress

A

Micro organism

98
Q

The symptoms of diarrhoea is actually a body defence against a ________, which is to flush it out

A

Pathogen

99
Q

For constipation, it is when _______ are dry, hard, and difficult to expel

A

Feces

100
Q

The leading cause of constipation is a lack of __________

A

Fibre

101
Q

Appendicitis is a __________ structure located at bottom of season, which is the segment joining large and small intestines.

A

Saclike

102
Q

There’s no known a function from _________, but it can get infected and even burst. It can be deadly as it would fill the abdominal cavity with infectious bacteria

A

Appendicitis

103
Q

The colostomy is the removal of the ______ and anal ______

A

Rectum

Anal canal

104
Q

For the colostomy, the intestine is attached to the ___________ wall, feces collecting in plastic bags

A

Abdominal

105
Q

The liver is the _______ largest organ in the body

A

Second

106
Q

True or False: Liver can regenerate itself

A

True

107
Q

The liver has over ______ functions

A

500

108
Q

For liver fails to function properly, you can turn ______ and have jaundice

A

Yellow

Digestion Unit (1 decks)

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