Notes

Question 1

The body uses a variety of small molecules such as _________, ___________, and __________ for its metabolic needs

Answer 1

Amino acids, fatty acids, glucose

Question 2

Food is mechanically and chemically broken down into these molecules during __________

Answer 2

Digestion

Question 3

After digestion they can be taken up by body cells through the separate process of __________

Answer 3

Absorption

Question 4

Food travels in a ________________ from mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus

Answer 4

One way direction

Question 5

Organs and structures in the digestive system are made for __________ functions in digestion

Answer 5

Specific

Question 6

Digestive enzymes are specific ____________ enzymes that have an optimal functioning temperature and pH

Answer 6

Hydrolytic

Question 7

Proper _______ is necessary to health

Answer 7

Digestion

Question 8

Digestion is the __________ and _________ breaking down of ingested food into particles then into molecules small enough to move through epithelial cells and into the internal environment

Answer 8

Mechanical and chemical

Question 9

Mechanical digestion uses ______ and _________ to physically break down food into smaller pieces, this precedes chemical digestion

Answer 9

Mechanical and chemical

Question 10

Why would mechanical digestion occur before chemical digestion

Answer 10

To increase surface area, thus allowing increased reaction rate

Question 11

Chemical digestion uses __________ enzymes to break down macromolecules into unit molecules

Answer 11

Hydrolytic

Question 12

Absorption is the passage of digested ________ from the gut lumen into the blood or lymph , which distributes them through the body

Answer 12

Nutrients

Question 13

Elimination of the explosion of indigestible materials such as _______ from The Body

Answer 13

Fiber

Question 14

Indigestion, proteins are broken down into ___________, carbohydrates into simple sugars, fat into ________________ and glycerol, and nucleic acid’s to nucleotides

Answer 14

Amino acids

Fatty acids

Question 15

Digestion is an _________ process. What type of transport is needed for the hydrolytic enzymes to be excreted out of the cell that produces them

Answer 15

Extracellular. Transport type is exocytosis

Question 16

Extra cellular process means:

Answer 16

Enzymes are excreted out of cells

Question 17

The mouth is divided into an anterior hard palate which contains ________ ________, and a posterior soft palate which is composed of ______ _______

Answer 17

Several bones

Muscle tissue

Question 18

The three functions of the mouth are:

Answer 18

It receives food, it does the mechanical digestion of food, and it does the chemical digestion of starch

Question 19

The three salivary gland‘s are:

Answer 19

Parotid which is below the ears, sublingual which is below the tongue, and submandibular which is under the lower jaw

Question 20

Saliva consist of ______, _____, and a _________ __________ called salivary amylase which functions to break down starch into maltose

Answer 20

Water, mucus, and a hydrolytic enzyme

Question 21

Chewed up food is called a ________

Answer 21

Bolus

Question 22

After the food has been chewed, it is then passed through the back of the mouth when you swallow. The first region that it enters is called the ________________

Answer 22

Nasopharynx

Question 23

Nasopharynx is simply the region between the mouth and esophagus where ______ food and air meet

Answer 23

Chewed

Question 24

Swallowing is a reflex action, which means it requires no __________ _________

Answer 24

Conscious thought

Question 25

It is impossible to breathe and swallow at the same time because……

Answer 25

When you swallow the following happens in order to block air passages

Question 26

The _____ palate moves back to cover openings to nose(nasopharyngeal openings)

Answer 26

Soft

Question 27

The ______ covers the internal nares when swallowing

Answer 27

Uvula

Question 28

When swallowing The trachea moves up in a flap of tissue called the ________ which prevents food from entering the respiratory tract

Answer 28

Epiglottis

Question 29

The _________ is a long and muscular smooth muscle

Answer 29

Esophagus

Question 30

Esophagus is lined with mucus membrane, for the lubrication of the _______ being swallowed

Answer 30

Bolus

Question 31

The oesophagus has a circular and longitudinal muscle for _______, which is a rhythmic contraction of the esophagus muscles.

Answer 31

Peristalsis

Question 32

If peristalsis occurs when there is no food in the esophagus you’ll feel that there is a ______ in your throat

Answer 32

Lump

Question 33

What is reverse peristalsis

Answer 33

Vomiting

Question 34

Food bolus reaches the end of the oesophagus and arrives at the ________ ________ connecting to the stomach

Answer 34

Cardiac sphincter

Question 35

What are the three functions of the stomach

Answer 35

Temporary food storage (2 to 6 hours), mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins

Question 36

The stomach has folds called ________ that can stretch to hold 2 L of food

Answer 36

Rugae

Question 37

The stomach has three layers of muscle that contracts to _____ and _____ it’s content. It is the mechanical digestion

Answer 37

Churn and mix

Question 38

Hunger pains are felt when an empty stomach ______

Answer 38

Churns

Question 39

The mucus lining of the stomach contains inner _______ ________ which produce gastric juice

Answer 39

Gastric glands

Question 40

One component of gastric juice is pepsinogen, or pepsin. Which is active and which is inactive

Answer 40

Pepsinogen is inactive and pepsin is active

Question 41

Three components of gastric juice are:

Answer 41

Pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid, mucus

Question 42

Hydrochloric acid activates ______

Answer 42

Pepsin

Question 43

Mucus protects the stomach lining from _____ and ______

Answer 43

HCL and Pepsin

Question 44

Why is it important to keep pepsin in its inactive form when there’s no food in the stomach

Answer 44

If active it will begin digesting the stomach wall which is made of proteins

Question 45

What is an ulcer

Answer 45

An open sore in the stomach lining

Question 46

How does an ulcer form

Answer 46

Caused by too much HCL and not enough mucus produced. Often associated with a bacterial infection of thyplori

Question 47

After 2 to 6 hours, depending on the type of food, the food has turned into a semi liquid food mass which is called _______

Answer 47

Chyme

Question 48

After the food has turned into a semi liquid food mass called chyme , the stomach empties into the first part of the small intestine called the ________

Answer 48

Duodenum

Question 49

The emptying of the chime into the duodenum is controlled by the _______ sphincter at the bottom of the stomach

Answer 49

Pyloric

Question 50

What are the two functions of the small intestine

Answer 50

The functions are to complete the chemical digestion of proteins carbohydrates and lipids, and the absorption of the unit molecules into blood or lymph

Question 51

What is the total length of the small intestine

Answer 51

6 meters

Question 52

What is the name of the three sections of the small intestine

Answer 52

Duodenum, jejunum, illium

Question 53

The duodenum is the first ____ cm of the small intestine

Answer 53

25

Question 54

The ____________ is what receives chyme and gastric juice, and it is the site of major chemical digestion of proteins carbohydrates and lipids

Answer 54

Duodenum

Question 55

__________ and _________ work towards the completion of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into circulatory or lymphatic system

Answer 55

Jejunum and ileum

Question 56

Walls of the duodenum and small intestine are lined with millions of _________ glands that produce juices containing enzymes that finish the digestion of protein and starch

Answer 56

Interstitial

Question 57

Secretions from the interstitial glands contain digestive enzymes: peptidase digest proteins to ______________, maltase digests maltose to ______

Answer 57

Amino acids | Glucose

Question 58

Microvilli are…

Answer 58

Folds of cell membrane

Question 59

What is the name of the fingerlike projections that are the convoluted lining of the small intestine

Answer 59

Villi

Question 60

The ________ of the small intestine is well related to its function of absorption

Answer 60

Structure

Question 61

The small intestine is long with convoluted walls to increase ________ area

Answer 61

Surface

Question 62

The surface area of the small intestine is further increased by the presence of fingerlike projections called

Answer 62

Villi

Question 63

_________ glands are at the base of each villi

Answer 63

Interstitial

Question 64

Villi themselves are lined with columnar cells coated with ________

Answer 64

Mucus

Question 65

Each villus contains ______ vessels and _______ vessels

Answer 65

Blood | Lymph

Question 66

_________ takes place across the wall of each villus

Answer 66

Absorption

Question 67

Absorption can take place both ________ or ________, meaning either with or without ATP

Answer 67

Passively or actively

Question 68

There a __________ capillaries/lacteals per square inch of the intestine

Answer 68

25,000

Question 69

Lacteals are the same as ______ vessels

Answer 69

Lymph

Question 70

_______ vessels are the same as capillaries

Answer 70

Blood

Question 71

Amino acids and sugars are absorbed across the villi, then are recombined into macromolecules in the __________ cells of the villus

Answer 71

Epithelial

Question 72

After the macromolecules are formed in the epithelial cells of the villus, the fats then move into the lacteals of each villus and enter the __________ system

Answer 72

Lymphatic

Question 73

Sugars and amino acids enter into the blood through the ________ networks

Answer 73

Capillary

Question 74

The blood vessels from the villi in the small intestine merged to form the ______ _______ _________which leads to the liver

Answer 74

Hepatic portal vein

Question 75

The liver produces ______ which is sent to the duodenum

Answer 75

Bile

Question 76

Bile is a thick ______ liquid that is produced by the liver

Answer 76

Green

Question 77

Bile is stored in the ________

Answer 77

Gallbladder

Question 78

Bile contains bile salts which break fat into small ___________

Answer 78

Droplets

Question 79

Why are fat droplets better than whole fat

Answer 79

More surface area for lipase to break down fat

Question 80

The pancreatic juice enters the duodenum through the pancreatic _____

Answer 80

Duct

Question 81

How many components of pancreatic juice are there

Answer 81

2

Question 82

One component of pancreatic juice is hydrolytic enzymes. Some examples are pancreatic amylase, which breaks down starch, Lipase breaks down lipids, Trypsin which breaks down proteins, nuclease which breaks down nucleic acid’s, and nucleotidase which breaks down nucleotides

Answer 82

No answer just read

Question 83

Another component of pancreatic juice is sodium bicarbonate. The pH of sodium bicarbonate is…

Answer 83

8.5

Question 84

Sodium bicarbonate neutralize _________ acid so that enzymes are at optimal pH

Answer 84

Stomach

Question 85

The large intestine consists of the ______ and ________

Answer 85

Colon and rectum

Question 86

The rectum is The last ___ cm of colon

Answer 86

20

Question 87

The opening of the rectum is called the…

Answer 87

Anus

Question 88

The _______ sphincter is a circular muscle that you can learn to control

Answer 88

Anal

Question 89

Potty training is an example of learning to control your _______ ___________

Answer 89

Anal sphincter

Question 90

Function of the rectum is to store _______ until elimination

Answer 90

Feces

Question 91

The large intestine is responsible for the ____________ of water, approximately 95%, from indigestible food matter

Answer 91

Reabsorbtion

Question 92

The large intestine is also responsible for the absorption of certain _______

Answer 92

Nutrients

Question 93

Faeces also contain bile pigments, heavy metals, and billions of _________

Answer 93

E.Coli

Question 94

The bacteria from E. coli helps us break down some indigestible food, and in the process produce some……

Answer 94

Vitamins

Question 95

Faeces is made mostly of cellulose(_______), not bacteria

Answer 95

Fibre

Question 96

Diarrhoea is when there is too much ______ that is expelled in the faeces

Answer 96

Water

Question 97

Diarrhoea is usually caused by a _________________, which can be in food or polluted water for example, or stress

Answer 97

Micro organism

Question 98

The symptoms of diarrhoea is actually a body defence against a ________, which is to flush it out

Answer 98

Pathogen

Question 99

For constipation, it is when _______ are dry, hard, and difficult to expel

Answer 99

Feces

Question 100

The leading cause of constipation is a lack of __________

Answer 100

Fibre

Question 101

Appendicitis is a __________ structure located at bottom of season, which is the segment joining large and small intestines.

Answer 101

Saclike

Question 102

There’s no known a function from _________, but it can get infected and even burst. It can be deadly as it would fill the abdominal cavity with infectious bacteria

Answer 102

Appendicitis

Question 103

The colostomy is the removal of the ______ and anal ______

Answer 103

Rectum | Anal canal

Question 104

For the colostomy, the intestine is attached to the ___________ wall, feces collecting in plastic bags

Answer 104

Abdominal

Question 105

The liver is the _______ largest organ in the body

Answer 105

Second

Question 106

True or False: Liver can regenerate itself

Answer 106

True

Question 107

The liver has over ______ functions

Answer 107

500

Question 108

For liver fails to function properly, you can turn ______ and have jaundice

Answer 108

Yellow