Notes Flashcards
The body uses a variety of small molecules such as _________, ___________, and __________ for its metabolic needs
Amino acids, fatty acids, glucose
Food is mechanically and chemically broken down into these molecules during __________
Digestion
After digestion they can be taken up by body cells through the separate process of __________
Absorption
Food travels in a ________________ from mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to anus
One way direction
Organs and structures in the digestive system are made for __________ functions in digestion
Specific
Digestive enzymes are specific ____________ enzymes that have an optimal functioning temperature and pH
Hydrolytic
Proper _______ is necessary to health
Digestion
Digestion is the __________ and _________ breaking down of ingested food into particles then into molecules small enough to move through epithelial cells and into the internal environment
Mechanical and chemical
Mechanical digestion uses ______ and _________ to physically break down food into smaller pieces, this precedes chemical digestion
Mechanical and chemical
Why would mechanical digestion occur before chemical digestion
To increase surface area, thus allowing increased reaction rate
Chemical digestion uses __________ enzymes to break down macromolecules into unit molecules
Hydrolytic
Absorption is the passage of digested ________ from the gut lumen into the blood or lymph , which distributes them through the body
Nutrients
Elimination of the explosion of indigestible materials such as _______ from The Body
Fiber
Indigestion, proteins are broken down into ___________, carbohydrates into simple sugars, fat into ________________ and glycerol, and nucleic acid’s to nucleotides
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Digestion is an _________ process. What type of transport is needed for the hydrolytic enzymes to be excreted out of the cell that produces them
Extracellular. Transport type is exocytosis
Extra cellular process means:
Enzymes are excreted out of cells
The mouth is divided into an anterior hard palate which contains ________ ________, and a posterior soft palate which is composed of ______ _______
Several bones
Muscle tissue
The three functions of the mouth are:
It receives food, it does the mechanical digestion of food, and it does the chemical digestion of starch
The three salivary gland‘s are:
Parotid which is below the ears, sublingual which is below the tongue, and submandibular which is under the lower jaw
Saliva consist of ______, _____, and a _________ __________ called salivary amylase which functions to break down starch into maltose
Water, mucus, and a hydrolytic enzyme
Chewed up food is called a ________
Bolus
After the food has been chewed, it is then passed through the back of the mouth when you swallow. The first region that it enters is called the ________________
Nasopharynx
Nasopharynx is simply the region between the mouth and esophagus where ______ food and air meet
Chewed
Swallowing is a reflex action, which means it requires no __________ _________
Conscious thought
It is impossible to breathe and swallow at the same time because……
When you swallow the following happens in order to block air passages
The _____ palate moves back to cover openings to nose(nasopharyngeal openings)
Soft
The ______ covers the internal nares when swallowing
Uvula
When swallowing The trachea moves up in a flap of tissue called the ________ which prevents food from entering the respiratory tract
Epiglottis
The _________ is a long and muscular smooth muscle
Esophagus
Esophagus is lined with mucus membrane, for the lubrication of the _______ being swallowed
Bolus
The oesophagus has a circular and longitudinal muscle for _______, which is a rhythmic contraction of the esophagus muscles.
Peristalsis
If peristalsis occurs when there is no food in the esophagus you’ll feel that there is a ______ in your throat
Lump
What is reverse peristalsis
Vomiting
Food bolus reaches the end of the oesophagus and arrives at the ________ ________ connecting to the stomach
Cardiac sphincter
What are the three functions of the stomach
Temporary food storage (2 to 6 hours), mechanical digestion, chemical digestion of proteins
The stomach has folds called ________ that can stretch to hold 2 L of food
Rugae
The stomach has three layers of muscle that contracts to _____ and _____ it’s content. It is the mechanical digestion
Churn and mix
Hunger pains are felt when an empty stomach ______
Churns
The mucus lining of the stomach contains inner _______ ________ which produce gastric juice
Gastric glands
One component of gastric juice is pepsinogen, or pepsin. Which is active and which is inactive
Pepsinogen is inactive and pepsin is active
Three components of gastric juice are:
Pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid, mucus
Hydrochloric acid activates ______
Pepsin
Mucus protects the stomach lining from _____ and ______
HCL and Pepsin
Why is it important to keep pepsin in its inactive form when there’s no food in the stomach
If active it will begin digesting the stomach wall which is made of proteins
What is an ulcer
An open sore in the stomach lining
How does an ulcer form
Caused by too much HCL and not enough mucus produced. Often associated with a bacterial infection of thyplori
After 2 to 6 hours, depending on the type of food, the food has turned into a semi liquid food mass which is called _______
Chyme
After the food has turned into a semi liquid food mass called chyme , the stomach empties into the first part of the small intestine called the ________
Duodenum
The emptying of the chime into the duodenum is controlled by the _______ sphincter at the bottom of the stomach
Pyloric
What are the two functions of the small intestine
The functions are to complete the chemical digestion of proteins carbohydrates and lipids, and the absorption of the unit molecules into blood or lymph
What is the total length of the small intestine
6 meters
What is the name of the three sections of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, illium
The duodenum is the first ____ cm of the small intestine
25
The ____________ is what receives chyme and gastric juice, and it is the site of major chemical digestion of proteins carbohydrates and lipids
Duodenum
__________ and _________ work towards the completion of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients into circulatory or lymphatic system
Jejunum and ileum
Walls of the duodenum and small intestine are lined with millions of _________ glands that produce juices containing enzymes that finish the digestion of protein and starch
Interstitial
Secretions from the interstitial glands contain digestive enzymes: peptidase digest proteins to ______________, maltase digests maltose to ______
Amino acids
Glucose
Microvilli are…
Folds of cell membrane
What is the name of the fingerlike projections that are the convoluted lining of the small intestine
Villi
The ________ of the small intestine is well related to its function of absorption
Structure
The small intestine is long with convoluted walls to increase ________ area
Surface
The surface area of the small intestine is further increased by the presence of fingerlike projections called
Villi
_________ glands are at the base of each villi
Interstitial
Villi themselves are lined with columnar cells coated with ________
Mucus
Each villus contains ______ vessels and _______ vessels
Blood
Lymph
_________ takes place across the wall of each villus
Absorption
Absorption can take place both ________ or ________, meaning either with or without ATP
Passively or actively
There a __________ capillaries/lacteals per square inch of the intestine
25,000
Lacteals are the same as ______ vessels
Lymph
_______ vessels are the same as capillaries
Blood
Amino acids and sugars are absorbed across the villi, then are recombined into macromolecules in the __________ cells of the villus
Epithelial
After the macromolecules are formed in the epithelial cells of the villus, the fats then move into the lacteals of each villus and enter the __________ system
Lymphatic
Sugars and amino acids enter into the blood through the ________ networks
Capillary
The blood vessels from the villi in the small intestine merged to form the ______ _______ _________which leads to the liver
Hepatic portal vein
The liver produces ______ which is sent to the duodenum
Bile
Bile is a thick ______ liquid that is produced by the liver
Green
Bile is stored in the ________
Gallbladder
Bile contains bile salts which break fat into small ___________
Droplets
Why are fat droplets better than whole fat
More surface area for lipase to break down fat
The pancreatic juice enters the duodenum through the pancreatic _____
Duct
How many components of pancreatic juice are there
2
One component of pancreatic juice is hydrolytic enzymes. Some examples are pancreatic amylase, which breaks down starch, Lipase breaks down lipids, Trypsin which breaks down proteins, nuclease which breaks down nucleic acid’s, and nucleotidase which breaks down nucleotides
No answer just read
Another component of pancreatic juice is sodium bicarbonate. The pH of sodium bicarbonate is…
8.5
Sodium bicarbonate neutralize _________ acid so that enzymes are at optimal pH
Stomach
The large intestine consists of the ______ and ________
Colon and rectum
The rectum is The last ___ cm of colon
20
The opening of the rectum is called the…
Anus
The _______ sphincter is a circular muscle that you can learn to control
Anal
Potty training is an example of learning to control your _______ ___________
Anal sphincter
Function of the rectum is to store _______ until elimination
Feces
The large intestine is responsible for the ____________ of water, approximately 95%, from indigestible food matter
Reabsorbtion
The large intestine is also responsible for the absorption of certain _______
Nutrients
Faeces also contain bile pigments, heavy metals, and billions of _________
E.Coli
The bacteria from E. coli helps us break down some indigestible food, and in the process produce some……
Vitamins
Faeces is made mostly of cellulose(_______), not bacteria
Fibre
Diarrhoea is when there is too much ______ that is expelled in the faeces
Water
Diarrhoea is usually caused by a _________________, which can be in food or polluted water for example, or stress
Micro organism
The symptoms of diarrhoea is actually a body defence against a ________, which is to flush it out
Pathogen
For constipation, it is when _______ are dry, hard, and difficult to expel
Feces
The leading cause of constipation is a lack of __________
Fibre
Appendicitis is a __________ structure located at bottom of season, which is the segment joining large and small intestines.
Saclike
There’s no known a function from _________, but it can get infected and even burst. It can be deadly as it would fill the abdominal cavity with infectious bacteria
Appendicitis
The colostomy is the removal of the ______ and anal ______
Rectum
Anal canal
For the colostomy, the intestine is attached to the ___________ wall, feces collecting in plastic bags
Abdominal
The liver is the _______ largest organ in the body
Second
True or False: Liver can regenerate itself
True
The liver has over ______ functions
500
For liver fails to function properly, you can turn ______ and have jaundice
Yellow
